Deep Sea Minerals - Vol 2 - Manganese Nodules

A Centre Collaborating with UNEP

Steering Committee Akuila Tawake (Chair) Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPACDivision Charles Roche Mineral Policy Institute Elaine Baker GRID-Arendal at the University of Sydney Yannick Beaudoin GRID-Arendal Malcolm Clark National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) Daniel Dumas Commonwealth Secretariat Chuck Fisher Penn State University James R. Hein United States Geological Survey (USGS) Robert Heydon Offshore Council Harry Kore Government of Papua New Guinea Hannah Lily Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division Michael Lodge ISA Linwood Pendleton Duke University, NOAA Sven Petersen IFM-GEOMAR Julian Roberts Commonwealth Secretariat Samantha Smith Nautilus Minerals Inc. Anne Solgaard GRID-Arendal Jan Steffen IUCN Arthur Webb Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division Authors Malcolm R. Clark National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) Robert Heydon Offshore Council James R. Hein United States Geological Survey (USGS) Samantha Smith Nautilus Minerals Inc. Craig Smith University of Hawai‘i Sven Petersen IFM-GEOMAR Elaine Baker GRID Arendal at the University of Sydney Yannick Beaudoin GRID Arendal Editors Elaine Baker and Yannick Beaudoin

Reviewers John Feenan IHC Mining Hiroshi Kitazato Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Gavin Mudd Monash University Christian Neumann GRID-Arendal Andrew Thaler Duke University Cornel de Ronde Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Phil Symonds Geoscience Australia David Cronan Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London

Cartography Kristina Thygesen GRID-Arendal Riccardo Pravettoni GRID-Arendal

Front Cover Alex Mathers

Technical Editors Claire Eamer Patrick Daley

Production GRID-Arendal

Acknowledgments Special thanks to Dr Michael Wiedicke-Hombach fromBGR, for assistance with sourcing photographs; and to Akuila Tawake and Hannah Lily from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division and Peter Harris from Geoscience Australia for final reviews of chapters. Citation Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2103) Deep Sea Minerals: Man- ganese Nodules, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review . Vol. 1B, SPC

MANGANESE NODULES 2