ACQ Vol 11 No 1 2009

MULTICULTURALISM AND DYSPHAGIA

20s and can vary from mild mood swings to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Conclusion 22q11 deletion syndrome is an important syndrome for the speech-language therapist to recognise and understand in order to make appropriate referrals and offer appropriate treatment at optimum stages. Referral to a paediatrician is indicated if this syndrome is suspected and referral to a cleft palate team speech-language therapist is important to assess and plan management for VPD. The local speech-language therapist should continue to have a key role working with the family. The SLT should also be involved in liaising with medical and educational professionals, both in the manage­ ment of the communication and feeding issues and in promoting early diagnosis of this complex but common syndrome. References Cable, B. & Mair, E. (2003). Avoiding the perils and pitfalls in velocardiofacial syndrome: An otolaryngologist’s perspective. Ear Nose & Throat Journal , 82 (1), 56–60. Carneol, S. O., Marks, S. M. & Weik, L. A. (1999). The speech-language pathologist: Key role in the diagnosis of velocardiofacial syndrome. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 8 (1), 23–32. Cutler-Landsman, D. (2007). Educating children with velo- cardio-facial syndrome . San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. D’Antonio, L. L., Scherer, N. J., Miller, L. L., Kalbfleisch, J. H. & Bartley, J. A. (2001). Analysis of speech characteristics in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and children with phenotypic overlap without VCFS. Cleft Palate-Cranio­ facial Journal , 38 (5), 455–467. Devrient, K., Rommel, N. & Casteels, I. (2005). Nephro- urologic, gastrointestinal, and opthalmic findings. In K. C. Murphy, & P. J. Scambler (Eds.), Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: A model for understanding microdeletion disorders (pp. 105–122). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dyce, O., McDonald-McGinn, D., Kirschner, R. E., Zackai, E., Young, K., & Jacobs, I. N. (2002). Otolaryngologic manifestations of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Archives of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , 128 , 1408–1412. Eicher, P.S., McDonald-Mcginn, D. M., Fox, C. A., Driscoll, D. A., Emanuel, B. S., & Zackai, E. H. (2000). Dysphagia in children with a 22q11.2 deletion: Unusual pattern found on modified barium swallow. Journal of Pediatrics , 137 (2),158–64. Gerdes, M., Solot, C., Wang, P., Moss, E., LaRossa, D., Randall, P., Goldmuntz, E., Clark, B. J., Driscoll, D., Jawad, A., Emanuel, B., McDonald-McGinn, D., Batshaw, M. & Zackai, E. (1999). Cognitive and behavior profile of preschool children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion. American Journal of Medical genetics , 85 , 127–133. Glaser, B., Mumme, D., Blasey, C., Morris, M., Dahoun, S., Antonarakis, S., Reiss, A., & Eliez, S. (2002). Language skills in children with velocardiofacial syndrome (deletion 22q11.2). Journal of Pediatrics , 140 (6), 753–758. Lipson, A. H., Yuille, D., Angel, M., Thompson, P. G, Vandervoord, J. G. & Beckenham, E. J. (1991). Velocardiofacial (Shprintzen) syndrome: An important syndrome for the dysmorphologist to recognise. Journal Medical Genetics , 28 , 596–604. McDonald-McGinn, D. M. (2004). Much ado about 22q? Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Meeting of the Velo-Cardio-Facial-Syndrome Education Foundation, Inc and the Fourth International Conference for 22.11.2 Deletions, Atlanta, Georgia. McDonald-McGinn, D. M. & Zackai, E. H. (2005). Genetic counselling. In K. C. Murphy, & P. J. Scambler (Eds.), Velo-

cardio-facial syndrome: A model for understanding microdeletion disorders (pp. 200–218). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mills, L., Gosling, A. & Sell, D. (2006). Extending the communication phenotype associated with 22q11.2 micro­ deletion syndrome. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology , 8 (1), 17–27. Nohara, K., Kotani, Y., Ojima, M., Sasao, Y., Tachimura, T., & Sakai, T. (2007). Power spectra analysis of levator veli palatini muscle electromyogram during velopharyngeal closure for swallowing, speech, and blowing. Dysphagia , 22 (2), 135–139. Rommel, N., Davidson, G., Cain, T., Hebbard, G. & Omari, T. (2008). Videomanometric evaluation of pharyngo- oesophageal dysmotility in children with velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , 46 , 87–91. Scherer, N. J., D’Antonio, L. L., & Kalbfleisch, J. H. (1999). Early speech and language development in children with velocardiofacial syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics , 88 , 714–723. Shprintzen, R. J. (2008). Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: 30 years of study. Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 14 , 3–10. Solot, C. B., Gerdes, M., Kirschner, R. E., McDonald- McGinn, D., Moss, E., Woodin, M., Aleman, D., Zackai, E. H., & Wang, P. P. (2001). Communication issues in 2q11 deletion syndrome: Children at risk. Genetics in Medicine , 3 , 67–71. Solot, C., Handler, S., Gerdes, M., McDonald-McGinn, D., Moss, E., Wang, P., Cohen, M., Randall, P., LaRossa, D. & Driscoll, D. (2000). Communication disorders in the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Journal of Communication Disorders , 33 , 187–204. Useful websites www.maxappeal.org.uk – UK parent support group www.vcfsef.org.au – Australian parent support group www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=74654 – 22q and you – Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia www.vcfs.org.nz – New Zealand parent support group Alex Forsyth , specialist speech and language therapist, works as part of the North Thames Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Team, based at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, UK. Maeve Morrison , specialist speech and language therapist, works as the lead speech and language therapist for the Cleft Lip and Palate Team, Counties Manukau District Health Board based at Middlemore Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. Correspondence to: Alex Forsyth Specialist Speech and Language Therapist Cleft Lip and Palate/Dysphagia The Great Ormond Street Hospital Great Ormond Street London, WCIN 3JH UK email: Akempa@gosh.nhs.uk Maeve Morrison

Speech-Language Therapist Cleft Lip and Palate Team Middlemore Hospital Private Bag 93311 Otahuhu Auckland, New Zealand email: mamorrison@middlemore.co.nz

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