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CHAPTER 96  Spinal Cord Stimulation

11. Schultz DM, Webster L, Kosek P, et al. Sensor-driven position-adaptive spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Pain Physician 2012;15(1):1–12. 12. Parker JL, Karantonis DM, Single PS, et al. Compound action potentials recorded in the human spinal cord during neurostimulation for pain relief. Pain 2012;153(3):593–601. 13. Abejon D, Rueda P, Vallejo R. Threshold evolution as an analysis of the dif­ ferent pulse frequencies in rechargeable systems for spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation 2016;19:276–282. 14. North JM, Hong KJ, Cho PY. Clinical outcomes of 1 kHz subperception spinal cord stimulation in implanted patients with failed paresthesia-based stimulation: results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. Neuro- modulation 2016;19(7):731–737. doi:10.1111/ner.12441. 15. Saadé NE, Tabet MS, Atweh SF, et al. Modulation of segmental mecha­ nisms by activation of a dorsal column brainstem spinal loop. Brain Res 1984;310:180–184. 16. Saadé NE, Jabbur SJ. Nociceptive behavior in animal models for periph­ eral neuropathy: spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:22–47. 17. El-Khoury C, Hawwa N, Baliki M, et al. Attenuation of neuropathic pain by segmental and supraspinal activation of the dorsal column system in awake rats. Neuroscience 2002;112(3):541–553. 18. Stiller CO, Linderoth R, O’Connor WT, et al. Repeated spinal cord stimulation decreases the extracellular level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the periaque­ ductal gray matter of freely moving rats. Brain Res 1995;699(2):231–241. 19. Hautvast RW, Ter Horst GJ, DeJong BM, et al. Relative changes in regional cerebral blood flow during spinal cord stimulation in patients with refrac­ tory angina pectoris. Eur J Neurosci 1997;9(6):1178–1183. 20. De Jongste MJ, Hautvast RW, Ruiters MH, et al. Spinal cord stimulation and the induction of c-fos and heat shock protein 72 in the central nervous system of rats. Neuromodulation 1998:2:73–85. 21. Linderoth B, Foreman RD. Physiology of spinal cord stimulation: review and update. Neuromodulation 1999;2(3):150–164. 22. Saadé NE, Atweh SF, Jabbur SJ, et al. Effects of lesions in the anterolateral columns and dorsolateral funiculi on self-mutilation behavior in rats. Pain 1990;42(3):313–321. 23. Yakhnitsa V, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Modulation of dorsal horn neuro­ nal activity by spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy: the role of the dorsal funicles. Neurophysiology 1998;30:424–427. 24. Barchini J, Tchagchagian S, Shmaa F, et al. Spinal segmental and supraspi­ nal mechanisms underlying the pain-relieving effects of spinal cord stimu­ lation: an experimental study in a rat model of neuropathy. Neuroscience 2012;215:196–208. 25. Saadé NE, Barchini J, Tchachaghian S, et al. The role of the dorsolateral funiculi in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation: a study in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Exp Brain Res 2015;233:1041–1052. 26. Freeman TB, Campbell JN, Long DM. Naloxone does not affect pain relief induced by electrical stimulation in man. Pain 1983;17:189–195. 27. Tonelli L, Setti T, Falasca A, et al. Investigation on cerebrospinal fluid opioids and neurotransmitters related to spinal cord stimulation. Appl Neurophysiol 1988;51(6):324–332. 28. Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Spinal cord stimulation: mechanisms of action in neuropathic and ischemic pain. In: Simpson BA, ed. Electrical Stimulation and the Relief of Pain . New York: Elsevier; 2003:161–182. 29. Sato KL, King EW, Johanek LM, et al. Spinal cord stimulation reduces hypersensitivity through activation of opioid receptors in a frequency-dependent manner. Eur J Pain 2013;17:551–561. 30. Eliasson T, Mannheimer C, Waagstein F, et al. Myocardial turnover of en­ dogenous opioids and calcitonin-gene-related peptide in the human heart and the effects of spinal cord stimulation on pacing-induced angina pectoris. Cardiology 1998;89(3):170–177. 31. Hansson P. Difficulties in stratifying neuropathic pain by mechanisms. Eur J Pain 2003;7:353–357. 32. Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in sym­ pathetically maintained complex regional pain syndrome type I with severe disability. A prospective clinical study. Eur J Pain 2005;9:363–373. 33. Meyerson BA, Ren B, Herregodts P, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in ani­ mal models of mononeuropathy: effects on the withdrawal response and the flexor reflex. Pain 1995;61(2):229–243. 34. Ren B, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on the flexor reflex and involvement of supraspinal mechanisms: an experimental study in mononeuropathic rats. J Neurosurg 1996;84(2):244–249. 35. Yakhnitsa V, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates dorsal horn neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain 1999;79(2–3):223–233. 36. Schechtmann G, Song Z, Ultenius C, et al. Cholinergic mechanisms in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy. Pain 2008;139(1):136–145. 37. Song Z, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Muscarinic receptor activation poten­ tiates the effect of spinal cord stimulation on pain related behaviour in rats with mononeuropathy. Neurosci Lett 2008;436:7–12. 38. Hanai F. C fiber responses of wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998;349:256–267. 39. Cui JG, Linderoth B, Meyerson BA. Effects of spinal cord stimulation on touch-evoked allodynia involve GABAergic mechanisms: an experimental study in the mononeuropathic rat. Pain 1996;66:287–295.

40. Cui JG, O’Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, et al. Spinal cord stimulation attenu­ ates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeu­ ropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain 1997;73:87–95. 41. Linderoth B. Dorsal Column Stimulation and Pain: Experimental Studies of Putative Neurochemical and Neurophysiological Mechanisms [doctoral thesis]. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institute; 1992. 42. Linderoth B, Gazelius B, Franck J, et al. Dorsal column stimulation induces release of serotonin and substance P in the cat dorsal horn. Neurosurgery 1992;31:289–297. 43. Cui JG, Sollevi A, Linderoth B, et al. Adenosine receptor activation sup­ presses tactile hypersensitivity and potentiates spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats. Neurosci Lett 1997;223:173–176. 44. Meyerson BA, Brodin E, Linderoth B. Possible neurohumoral mechanisms in CNS stimulation for pain suppression. Appl Neurophysiol 1985;48:175–180. 45. Song Z, Ansah OB, Meyerson BA, et al. Exploration of supraspinal mech­ anisms in effects of spinal cord stimulation: role of the locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 2013;253:426–434. 46. Song Z, Ultenius C, Meyerson BA, et al. Pain relief by spinal cord stimula­ tion involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain 2009;147(1–3):241–248. 47. Song Z, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Spinal 5-HT receptors that contribute to the pain-relieving effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neu­ ropathy. Pain 2011;152:1666–1673. 48. Song Z, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. Interaction between antidepressant drugs and the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathy. Anesth Analg 2011;113(5):1260–1265. 49. Song Z, Ansah OB, Meyerson BA, et al. The rostroventromedial medulla is engaged in the effects of spinal cord stimulation: a study in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2013;247C:134–144. 50. Stiller CO, Cui JG, O’Connor WT, et al. Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats. Neurosurgery 1996;39(2):367–374. 51. Cui JG, Meyerson BA, Sollevi A, et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(B) and adenosine receptor activation. Neurosci Lett 1998;247:183–186. 52. Meyerson BA, Cui JG, Yakhnitsa V, et al. Modulation of spinal pain mecha­ nisms by spinal cord stimulation and the potential role of adjuvant pharma­ cotherapy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1997;68(1–4 pt 1):129–140. 53. Wallin J, Cui JG, Yakhnitsa V, et al. Gabapentin and pregabalin suppress tactile allodynia and potentiate spinal cord stimulation in a model of neu­ ropathy. Eur J Pain 2002;6:261–272. 54. Lind G, Schechtmann G, Winter J, et al. Baclofen-enhanced spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal baclofen alone for neuropathic pain: long-term outcome of a pilot study. Eur J Pain 2008;12:132–136. 55. Schechtmann G, Wallin J, Meyerson BA, et al. Intrathecal clonidine poten­ tiates suppression of tactile hypersensitivity by spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy. Anesth Analg 2004;99:135–139. 56. Schechtmann G, Lind G, Winter J, et al. Intrathecal clonidine and ba­ clofen enhance the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2010;67:173–181. 57. Linderoth B, Stiller CO, O’Connor WT, et al. An animal model for the study of brain transmittor release in response to spinal cord stimulation in the awake, freely moving rat: preliminary results from the periaqueductal grey matter. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1993;58:156–160. 58. Kilgore KL, Bhadra N. Nerve conduction block utilising high-frequency al­ ternating current. Med Biol Eng Comput 2004;42:394–406. 59. Kilgore KL, Bhadra N. Reversible nerve conduction block using kilohertz frequency alternating current. Neuromodulation 2014;17:242–254. 60. Song Z, Viisanen H, Meyerson BA, et al. Efficacy of kilohertz-frequency and conventional spinal cord stimulation in rat models of different pain condi­ tions. Neuromodulation 2014;17(3):226–234. 61. Lempka SF, McIntyre CC, Kilgore KL, et al. Computational analysis of kilohertz frequency spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management. Anesthesiology 2015;122:1362–1376. 62. Linderoth B, Foreman RD. Conventional and novel spinal stimulation al­ gorithms: hypothetical mechanisms of action and comments on outcomes. Neuromodulation 2017;20(6):525–533. 63. Crosby ND, Janik JJ, Grill WM. Modulation of activity and conduction in single dorsal column axons by kilohertz-frequency spinal cord stimulation. J Neurophysiology 2017;117:136–147. 64. Shechter R, Yang F, Xu Q, et al. Conventional and kilohertz-frequency spi­ nal cord stimulation produces intensity- and frequency-dependent inhibition of mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesthe- siology 2013;119:422–432. 65. McMahon S. Effect of different frequency spinal cord stimulation on pain- model rodent superficial dorsal horn neuronal excitability. Paper presented at: North American Neuromodulation Society’s 21st Annual Meeting; 2018; Las Vegas, NV. 66. McMahon S, Jones M, Lee D, et al. Effects of 10kHz spinal cord stimu­ lation on pain-model rodent deep dorsal horn neuronal excitability. Paper presented at: North American Neuromodulation Society’s 21st Annual Meeting; 2018; Las Vegas, NV. 67. Song Z, Meyerson BA, Linderoth B. High-frequency (1 kHz) spinal cord stimulation—is pulse shape crucial for the efficacy? A pilot study. Neuro- modulation 2015;18(8):714–720.