9781422285947

The Civil War Begins

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Map of the battlefield at Manassas, showing the Union armies (in blue) and the Confederate forces (in red).

were retreating, some in an orderly fashion; others fleeing. There were pileups of soldiers, horses, and even carriages. Most of the Union forces reached Washington, D.C. They had been trounced. President Jefferson Davis arrived on the battlefield late in the day. He put out a call for victory celebrations, acting as if the war had already been