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P A R T 2  Chemotherapeutic agents

■■ HIV, which specifically attacks helper T cells, may remain dormant in T cells for long periods and has been known to mutate easily. ■■ Antiviral agents that are effective against HIV and AIDS include non-nucleoside and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 coreceptor antagonists and integrase inhibitors, all of which affect the way the virus communicates, replicates or matures within the cell. These drugs are known as antiretroviral agents. They are given in combination to most effectively destroy the HIV virus and prevent mutation. ■■ Three drugs are used to treat hepatitis B infection: adefovir, entecavir and telbivudine. ■■ Two drugs are used to treat hepatitis C infection: boceprevir and telaprevir. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses helps you to study more effectively. Take a PrepU Practice Quiz to find out how you measure up! ONLINE RESOURCES An extensive range of additional resources to enhance teaching and learning and to facilitate understanding of this chapter may be found online at the text’s accompanying website, located on thePoint at http://thepoint.lww.com. These include Watch and Learn videos, Concepts in Action animations, journal articles, review questions, case studies, discussion topics and quizzes. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. (2009). HIV Management in Australasia: A Guide for Clinical Care. Sydney: Australasian Society for HIV Medicine. www.ashm.org.au/images/

Publications/Monographs/HIV_Management_Australasia/HIV- Management-Australia-2009.pdf. Batey, R. (2006). Managing hepatitis C in the community. Australian Prescriber, 29, 36–39. Bell, S. J. & Nguyen, T. (2009). The management of hepatitis B. Australian Prescriber, 32, 99–104. Boyd, M. & Pett, S. (2008). HIV fusion inhibitors: A review. Australian Prescriber, 31, 66–69. Coery, L., Wald, A., Patel, R., Sacks, S. L., Tyring, S. K., Warren, T., et al. (2004). Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. New England Journal of Medicine 350, 11–20. Farrell, M. & Dempsey, J. (2014). Smeltzer & Bare’s Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (3rd edn). Sydney: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Gilman, A., Hardman, J. G. & Limbird, L. E. (Eds.). (2006). Goodman and Gilman’s the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th edn). New York: McGraw-Hill. Idemyor, V. (2003). Twenty years since human immunodeficiency virus discovery: Considerations for the next decade. Pharmacotherapy, 23, 384–387. Kaiser, L., Wat, C., Mills, T., Mahoney, P., Ward, P. & Hayden, F. (2003). Impact of oseltamivir treatment on influenza-related lower respiratory tract complications and hospitalizations. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1667–1672. McKenna, L. (2012). Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy (1st Australian and New Zealand edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McKenna, L. & Mirkov, S. (2014). McKenna’s Drug Handbook for Nursing and Midwifery (7th edn). Sydney: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2011). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (3rd edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porth, C. M. (2009). Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (8th edn). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Wehrhahn, M. C. & Dwyer, D. E. (2012). Herpes zoster: epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and prevention. Australian Prescriber, 35, 143–147.

C H E C K Y O U R U N D E R S T A N D I N G

2. Virus infections have proved difficult to treat because they: a. have a protein coat. b. inject themselves into human cells to survive and to reproduce. c. are bits of RNA or DNA. d. easily resist drug therapy. 3. Naturally occurring substances that are released in the body in response to viral invasion are called: a. antibodies. b. immunoglobulins.

Answers to the questions in this chapter can be found in Appendix A at the back of this book.

MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the best answer to the following.

1. In assessing a person, a viral cause might be suspected if the person was diagnosed with: a. tuberculosis. b. leprosy. c. the common cold. d. gonorrhoea.

c. interferons. d. interleukins.