Proefschrift_Holstein

General introduction

N: 9/9; 9/10; 10/10

N: total (age)

SPECT Ligand

DAT expression

Study

Sample

ROI

9R/9R vs. 10/10 sign in P 9R/10R vs. 10/10 in striatum, CN and P

van de Giessen 2009

79 (18-35)

9R+ > 10/10

Healthy

5;27;45

β-CIT

van Dyck 2005

96 (18-88)

9R+ > 10/10

Healthy

5;36;53

β-CIT

Both in CN and P

Jacobsen 2000

27 (37 + 9.3) 14 AA (37 + 7) 11 H (34 + 11)

9R+ > 10/10

2;7;18

β-CIT

Striatum

Healthy

P (CN is not significant)

Heinz 2000

AA and H

9/10 < 10/10

0;10;15

β-CIT

9/10 & 10/11<10/10

4x 9/10, 10/11; 7x 10/10

Cheon 2005

11 (9.82 + 1.33)

[ 123 I]IPT

ADHD

BG

23x 9/9 9/10, 9/11; 36x 10/10

Martinez 2001

H and SZ

31 H (~40.5) 29 SZ (~39)

No effects

No effect

β-CIT

Lafuente 2007

No effects (CN, aP, mP, pP)

No effect

[ 123 I] FP-CIT

SZ

62 SZ (~30)

5;30;25

66 H: 46 (18-83) 95 PD: 60.8 (37-84)

H and PD

99 Tc- TRODAT-1

14;68;74; other:7

Lynch 2003

No effect

No effects

SZ = schizophrenia patients, H = healthy subjects; AA = abstinent alcoholics; PD = Parkinson’s disease; ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Korean children); CN = caudate nucleus; P = putamen (aP, mP and pP refer to anterior, medial or posterior putamen); β-CIT = 123 I-(2- β -carbomethoxy-3-β(4-iodophenyl)-tropane; [ 123 I]IPT = I-123-N-(3- iodopropen-2-yl)-2h-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane

Box 2.3 | Cued task-switching paradigm with a reward manipulation Subjects were presented with response-incongruent arrow-word combinations (targets), to which they had to respond by pressing a left or right button. There were two possible targets: a left-pointing arrow with the word ‘right’ in it (e.g. trial 2), and a right-pointing arrow with the word ‘left’ in it. A task cue preceding the target indicated according to which task (arrow or word) the subject had to respond on the current trial. Compared with the previous trial, the task could either switch (e.g. from word to arrow or vice versa) or remain the same (i.e. repeat). Switch and repeat trials occurred in random order. In addition to such task switches, the paradigm allows us to look at response switches ( chapter 7 ), i.e. whether the correct response (left or right button), remained the same

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