PracticeUpdate Cardiology March 2019

PRACTICEUPDATE CARDIOLOGY BOARD PracticeUpdate is guided by a world-renowned Editorial and Advisory Board that represents community practitioners and academic specialists with cross-disciplinary expertise. Editor-in-Chief Douglas Zipes MD Distinguished Associate Editors Joerg Herrmann MD Associate Professor

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ABOUT For a complete listing of disclosures for each board member and editorial contributor, please refer to their profile on PracticeUpdate.com PracticeUpdate ’s mission is to help medical professionals navigate the vast array of available literature and focus on the most critical information for their patients and practice. All journal articles selected for PracticeUpdate receive a Take-HomeMessage designed to quickly summarize the key findings and explain the importance of that research within the specialty area. The most critical articles also receive Expert Commentaries from experts who are handpicked by the PracticeUpdate Editorial Board, providing additional context on that research for the reader. Expert Opinion pieces give special highlights to important topics and Conference Coverage captures relevant takeaways from a vast array of medical meetings throughout the year. PracticeUpdate Cardiology provides coverage of key research from leading international conferences, and a collection of top journal articles and accompanying expert commentaries in a convenient print periodical. These and more are also available online at PracticeUpdate.com PracticeUpdate and PracticeUpdate Cardiology are commercially supported by advertising, sponsorship, and educational grants. Individual access to PracticeUpdate.com is free. Premium content is available to any user who registers with the site. While PracticeUpdate is a commercially-sponsored product, it maintains the highest level of academic rigour, objectivity, and fair balance associated with all Elsevier products. No editorial content is influenced in any way by commercial sponsors or content contributors. DISCLAIMER PracticeUpdate Cardiology has been developed for specialist medical professionals. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Publisher. Elsevier will not assume responsibility for damages, loss, or claims of any kind arising from or related to the information contained in this publication, including any claims related to the products, drugs, or services mentioned herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Please consult the full current Product Information before prescribing any medication mentioned in this publication. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer. The printing and distribution of this publication has been made possible through paid advertising. The editorial content herein is independently produced by Elsevier with no involvement by the advertiser. It containscontentpublished inaccordancewith theeditorialpoliciesofElsevier’s PracticeUpdate.com. All content printed in this publication can be found on PracticeUpdate.com. CONTENT Abstracts are available when the publisher grants permission to MEDLINE/ PubMed, a database of the US National Library of Medicine. • NLM data are produced by a US Government agency and include works of the United States Government that are not protected by US copyright law but may be protected by non-US copyright law, as well as abstracts originating from publications that may be protected by US copyright law. • NLMassumes no responsibility or liability associated with use of copyrighted material, including transmitting, reproducing, redistributing, or making commercial use of the data. NLM does not provide legal advice regarding copyright, fair use, or other aspects of intellectual property rights. Persons contemplating any type of transmission or reproduction of copyrighted material such as abstracts are advised to consult legal counsel. SALES Matthew Buttsworth m.buttsworth@elsevier.com Linnea Mitchell-Taverner l.mitchell@elsevier.com PRODUCTION Content was originally published on PracticeUpdate.com Production of this issue was executed by: Editorial Manager A nne Neilson anne.neilson@elsevier.com Editorial Project Manager Carolyn Ng • Designer Jana Sokolovskaja Cover: Fish oil supplements/gettyimages.com PracticeUpdate Cardiology is published by Elsevier Australia ISSN 2206-4672 (Print) ISSN 2208-0228 (Online)

Benjamin Scirica MD Cardiologist and Director, Innovation, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s

Professor, Professor Emeritus of Medicine,

of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota

Pharmacology and Toxicology; Emeritus Director, Division of Cardiology and Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana

Hospital; Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Advisory Board

Deepak Bhatt MD, MPH, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI, FESC Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Executive Director, Interventional Cardiovascular Programs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart & Vascular Center; Senior Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Peter Libby MD Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts J WilliamMcEvoy MB BCh BAO, MEHP, MHS, FRCPI Professor of Preventive Cardiology, National University of Ireland; Medical and Research Director, National Institute for Preventive Cardiology, Ireland; Adjunct Faculty Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland

Paul Thompson MD Physician Co-Director, Hartford Healthcare Cardiovascular Institute, Hartford, Connecticut; Professor of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut James Udelson MD Chief, Division of Cardiology; Director, Nuclear Cardiology Laboratory; Professor, Medicine and Radiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Gary Webb MD Editor-in-Chief, ChiP Network and ACHD Learning Center; Consultant, Cincinnati Adult Congenital Heart Program; Emeritus Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Ohio Clyde Yancy MD, MSc, MACC, FAHA, MACP, FHFSA Chief of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine; Associate Director, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois

Editorial Contributors

Ashish Aggarwal MD Staff Physician, Interventional Cardiology, Providence Holy Cross Medical Center, Mission Hills, California

Samer Ajam MD Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiologist, Community Care Network Inc, Munster, Indiana

Jason Garlie MD Staff Cardiologist; Electrophysiologist, Metropolitan Heart and Vascular Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Editor-in-Chief CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE Our centers of excellence in the treatment of cardiometabolic disease & diabetes and congenital heart disease leverage technology to create a collaborative and comprehensive way to improve patient care. These unique centers have the key advantage of a real world academic center as well as the features and enhancements that only PracticeUpdate and Elsevier can provide to foster an expert-led team approach that helps you stay ahead. CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE AND DIABETES FACULTY Associate Editors Richard E. Pratley MD Senior Investigator, Florida Hospital/Sanford–Burnham Silvio E. Inzucchi MD Professor of Medicine

(Endocrinology); Clinical Director, Section of Endocrinology; Director, Yale Diabetes Center; Director, Endocrinology and Metabolism Fellowship, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes; Medical Director, Florida Hospital Diabetes Institute, Orlando, Florida Deborah Wexler MD, MSc Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Clinical Chief of the Diabetes Unit, Clinical Director, Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center; Associate Program Director for Clinical Research, Internal Medicine Residency Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE FACULTY Editor-in-Chief Gary Webb MD

Associate Editors

George Ofori- Amanfo MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, Kravis Children’s Hospital, New York, New York

Christopher Spurney MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC

Editor-in-Chief, ChiP Network and ACHD Learning Center; Consultant, Cincinnati Adult Congenital

ABN 70 001 002 357 475 Victoria Avenue Chatswood NSW 2067 Australia Locked Bag 7500 Chatswood DC NSW 2067 EMCN031901

Heart Program; Emeritus Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Ohio