978-1-4222-3442-6

INDEX

France, 43, 44–45, 52, 67 Free Officers, 51, 52–54

102, 104, 105–106

Iraq

area, 21, 25 borders, 21–22, 25 climate, 25 , 30–31 creation of, by mandate, 44, 45–47 economy, 51, 77–81

Garner, Jay, 100 , 101 Genghis Khan, 40 geographic regions, 22–23, 24–29 Ghazi (King), 48–49, 104 Governing Council of Iraq, 114, 116 , 117 government, 75–77, 99–101 See also Free Officers Great Britain, 43–44, 52, 55–56, 67, 71, 76–77, 104 ruling mandates of, 44–51 Great Shrine of al-Mutawakkil (Baghdad), 94 Gulf War (1991), 13–15, 17, 18, 21 , 65–67, 78,

election (January 2005), 122–124 foreign relations, 13, 76–77, 99–109 government, 75–77, 99–101 maps, 23 , 66 , 85 population, 27, 84, 85 , 88 , 93, 94, 95, 96 reconstruction of, 111–120 Iraq Petroleum Company, 48 See also oil Iraq Survey Group (ISG), 115–116 Iraqi Interim Government, 118–119 Iraqi Special War Crimes Tribunal, 121 Erbil, 79, 88, 96 Islam, 19, 36–40, 73–75 and art, 88, 89, 90 Shiite and Sunni split in, 38–39, 45–46, 47, 48, 61, 74 Israel, 50–51, 52 Kamel, Hussein, 69, 70 Karbala, 39, 40, 66, 97, 112 Karkheh River, 27 Karun River, 27 Kay, David, 116–117 Khomeini,Ayatollah Ruhollah, 60–61, 62 , 102 See also Iran Kirkuk, 48, 54, 59, 78, 79, 96 Koran. See Qur’an Kurdistan, 29, 42, 47, 83–84, 96 Kurds, 14 , 29, 46, 47, 48, 54, 58, 59, 65–67, 83–84, 88, 95, 96, 103, 117 attacks against, 14 , 15–16, 56, 57, 63–64, 69 Kuwait, 21, 55–56, 62, 64, 67, 78, 104–106 invasion of, by Iraq, 13–14, 15, 64–65 Jazirah region, 27–28 See also geographic regions Jordan, 21, 44, 50, 52–53, 104, 106 , 107

84, 95–96, 103, 105–107 See also foreign relations

Halabja, 14 , 15, 63 See also Kurds Hamid II,Abdul (Sultan), 43 history

and the Baath Party, 56–61 and the Free Officers, 51–56 and Islam, 36–40 Mesopotamian civilization, 19, 22, 33–36, 38, 40–42, 44 Ottoman Empire, 40–44, 46, 94, 95, 101 Hitler,Adolf, 49–50 Hülegü Khan, 40, 41 Hussein, Saddam, 17–18, 19, 75, 76, 77 , 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105, 108, 112, 115, 117 and the Baath Party, 55, 57, 58, 59–64, 101 capture and trial of, 119, 120, 121 – 122 invades Kuwait, 64–65 and the Kurds, 15–16, 63–64, 66–67, 84 U.S. support of (in the 1980s), 13, 62–63 and weapons inspections, 15–16, 68–71 Hussein (King), 106 , 107 and ruling mandates, 44–51 and Saddam Hussein, 60–71

Iran, 22, 47, 48–49, 59, 60–61, 67, 74, 101–103 Iran-IraqWar (1980-88), 14 , 15, 61–64, 78, 95,

124