978-1-4222-3442-6

INDEX

bin Laden, Osama, 18 See also terrorism

O’Brien, Mike, 77 oil, 17, 19, 29, 47–48, 51, 58, 62–63, 64, 77–78, 80 , 94, 95, 104 See also economy “oil-for-food” programs. See sanctions Operation Desert Fox, 70–71 Operation Desert Storm. See Gulf War (1991) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 64 See also oil Orlando,Vittorio, 45 Ottoman Empire, 40–44, 46, 94, 95, 101 See also history Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah), 101–102 Palestine, 49–50 Persia, 35–36, 40 See also history Persian Gulf, 21, 22 political parties, 51, 54–55, 56–61 Kurdish, 84 See also Baath Party population, 27, 84, 85 , 88, 93, 94, 95, 96

Lake Al-Hammar, 26 Lake As-Saniyah, 26 League of Nations, 44–45, 48, 49 See also United Nations Lebanon, 45, 53, 63, 74 literacy rate, 88 Lloyd George, David, 45

Madinat as-Salam (“the City of Peace”). See Baghdad mandates, ruling, 44–51 See also Great Britain al-Mansur,Abu Jafar, 93 See also Baghdad manufacturing, 79, 80 See also economy maps, 23 , 66 , 85 Mecca, 36–37, 38 See also Islam Mesopotamian civilization, 19, 22, 33–36, 38, 40–42, 44 See also history Mishraq, 79 Mongols, 40, 41, 94 See also history Mosul, 28, 30, 34, 41, 44, 54, 79, 93, 94–95 Muhammad, 36–38, 39, 73–74, 75, 87 See also Islam Mukhabarat, 76 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 51–52, 54 National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani), 76 See also government nationalism,Arab, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51–52, 54 natural resources, 78–79, 80 See also oil al-Nayif,Abd al-Razzaq, 57–58 Nebi Yunus, 95 Nebuchadnezzar (King), 34–35 Nineveh, 34, 95 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 16 See also United Nations

al-Qaeda, 18

See also terrorism Qasim,Abd al-Karim, 52, 53–57, 104 See also Free Officers Qur’an, 38, 39, 74, 75, 87 See also Islam

Ramadi, 25 Reagan, Ronald, 62, 63 regions. See geographic regions Republican Guard, 57, 66–67, 76, 96 Resolutions, United Nations. See United Nations Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), 76 See also government Roman Empire, 36 Rumsfeld, Donald, 103, 108 , 115 Rutbah, 27

Safavid Empire. See Persia

125