978-1-4222-3442-6

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I RAQ

soldiers and Shiite civilians attacked government officials. If the rebels believed President Bush’s call to overthrow Saddam meant that the United States would help them, however, they were wrong. Despite his colossal defeat in the Gulf War, Saddam had managed to preserve his best-trained and most loyal military force, the elite Republican Guard. The dictator sent Republican Guard units south to recapture the cities and put down the revolt. Thousands of

RUSSIA

Caspian Sea

Black Sea

In the wake of Saddam’s brutal suppression of the Kurdish and Shiite rebellions following the Gulf War, the United States and its coalition allies prevented Iraq from flying aircraft in the north and south of the country. Inset: A U.S. Air Force F-15C Eagle patrols the northern no-fly zone.

GEORGIA

No-Fly Zones

ARM.

AZER. Operation Southern Watch (South of the 33rd parallel of latitude) Operation Northern Watch (North of the 36th parallel)

TURKEY

IRAN

Mosul

SYRIA

IRAQ

Baghdad

SAUDI ARABIA

Basra