September 2016 SPDS Book

Assessment Report on Zingiber officinale Roscoe, rhizoma

Ginger – Non-Clinical Data

Gingerols and shogaols seem to be active components

– Antiemetic

Gingerols and shogaols seem to be active anti-inflammatory components The main pungent constituents, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol , appear to be the main antioxidants Primarily 8-gingerol and 8-paradol , may be the major active principles that inhibit platelet activation The precise mechanism of action and the active constituents are not known This effect may partially be mediated through 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol There is presently not sufficient scientific evidence to suggest a cardiotonic or hypotensive effect

– Anti-inflammatory

– Antioxidant

– Antithrombotic

– Hypolipidaemic – Hypoglycaemic – Cardiovascular – Antineoplastic – Anti-infectious – Thermogenic

The exact mechanisms of action are not known ( 6-gingerol ?) The mechanism of action has not been examined sufficiently

There is presently not sufficient scientific evidence to suggest a thermogenic effect ( 6-gingerol ?) There is presently not sufficient scientific evidence to suggest an analgesic effect ( 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol ?)

– Analgesic

Pharmacology of Ginger Constituents

• Gingerols inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cell line 10-gingerol > 8-gingerol > 6-gingerol (50-fold) • 6 Shogaol increased TRAIL induced apoptosis in renal carcinoma cells an effect - - , not observed with 6-gingerol • Zerumbone acts as anti-cancer in non-small cell lung, ovarian and cervical lymphoblastic leukemia and glioma. • New zerumbone derivatives are being developed and examined as anti-cancer agents, e.g., azazerumbone .