SLP 09 (2015)

due consideration to specific character of IHL and limitations resulting from (legal) peculiarities of international organizations. Focusing on the Responsibility of International Organizations in Armed Conflicts, Sandra Brožová discusses the process and result of codification under the auspices of the UN International Law Commission. The fundamental question to discuss is the responsibility relation between states and international organizations, which can be basically solved in two ways: through the rules for attribution of conduct and the specifically defined cases of responsibility in relation of an act of different subject (aid or assistance, direction and control, coercion, circumvention and the responsibility of members). Finally, the responsibility of international organizations in connection with the international criminal justice is outlined. The second challenge, discussed by Josef Mrázek in the chapter on International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors in Armed Conflicts, is that of non-state actors (NSAs) . The chapter centers at the role and legal status of armed NSAs in armed conflicts. The aim of the international community is to “force” opposition armed groups (AOGs) to abide by the existing IHL and to develop it. The chapter discusses how NSAs may be bound by IHL and how to hold them responsible for IHL violations. Not all NSAs are “parties” to armed conflict. Difficulties arise already in understanding the broad notion of NSAs. There are great differences in their structure, and objectives. NSAs play an impor- tant role in world economy (multinational enterprises) and NSAs are often key players in all armed conflicts. NSAs represent big challenge to the contemporary international law in theory and practice as well, including international legal personality of some of them. Radka Kryslová focuses on Child soldiers – Problematic Aspects of Relationship Between International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law. The use of child soldiers in armed conflicts (including enlisting, conscripting and using children under the age of fifteen years to participate actively in hostilities) is a major chal- lenge. This issue is discussed within the framework of the evolution of international law – since the prohibition of child soldiers as a rule of international humanitarian law to the prosecution of persons who are responsible for violating that prohibition in international criminal law. The paper discusses problems arising from the relationship between IHL and international criminal law concerning child soldiers. Finally, in her chapter on Freedom of Expression in Relation to Crimes under International Law in the Case-law of the ECtHR, Alla Tymofeyeva analyses the case- law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the freedom of expression, under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), relating to crimes under international law. A brief description of these crimes is given in the intro- duction. Subsequently, an analysis of the ECtHR’s judgments in respect to expressions related to the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes is provided. Due to the absence of case-law from the ECtHR on the crime of aggression, this crime is only briefly brought up in the chapter. Although the practice of the ECtHR as to the

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