9781422280706

SOUTHERN AFRICA DISCOVERING AFRICA

Countries of Southern Africa Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,

Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

SOUTHERN AFRICA Annelise Hobbs DISCOVERING AFRICA

MASON CREST

Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com

© 2017 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hobbs, Annelise, author. Title: Southern Africa / Annelise Hobbs. Description: First printing. | Broomall, Pennsylvania : Mason Crest, 2017. | Series: Discovering Africa | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016048429 (print) | LCCN 2016051325 (ebook) | ISBN 9781422237199 (hardback) | ISBN 9781422237151 (series) | ISBN 9781422280706 (ebook) | ISBN 9781422280706 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Africa, Southern--History. | Africa, Southern--Politics and government. | Africa, Southern--Social life and customs. Classification: LCC DT1019 .H63 2017 (print) | LCC DT1019 (ebook) | DDC 968--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048429 Printed and bound in the United States of America. First printing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-1-4222-3719-9 Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-3715-1 ebook ISBN: 978-1-4222-8070-6 ebook series ISBN: 978-1-4222-8066-9 Produced by Regency House Publishing Limited The Manor House

High Street Buntingford Hertfordshire SG9 9AB United Kingdom www.regencyhousepublishing.com Text copyright © 2017 Regency House Publishing Limited/Annelise Hobbs

TITLES IN THE DISCOVERING AFRICA SERIES: A Concise History of Africa East Africa North and Central Africa Southern Africa West Africa

CONTENTS

South Africa 48

Angola 10

Swaziland 56

Botswana 16

Zambia 62

Lesotho 22

Zimbabwe 68

Malawi 28

Index 78

Mozambique 34

Further Information 80

Namibia 42

KEY ICONS TO LOOK FOR:

Words to Understand: These words with their easy-to-understand definitions will increase the reader’s understanding of the text, while building vocabulary skills. Sidebars: This boxed material within the main text allows readers to build knowledge, gain insights, explore possibilities, and broaden their perspectives by weaving together additional information to provide realistic and holistic perspectives. Text-Dependent Questions: These questions send the reader back to the text for more careful attention to the evidence presented there.

Sand dunes at Sossusvlei which is part of the Namib-Naukluft National Park encompassing part of the Namib desert in Namibia.

ANGOLA

A republic located on the western coast of southern Africa, Angola has land borders with Congo and DR Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and Namibia to the south. The Atlantic coastal area is flat, unhealthy and unproductive, though there is a vast fertile plateau beyond. Angola became a possession of Portugal in the 16th century, when it

Words to Understand Crude oil: Petroleum as it occurs naturally in its unrefined state. Malnutrition: An unbalanced nutrition resulting from not eating enough, or enough healthy food. Marxist: A political, economic, and social theory advocated by Marx leading to the establishment of a classless society.

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Southern Africa

supplied slaves to Brazil. In the 1950s nationalists began to demand independence; the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was formed,

drawing its support from mestizos and the Mbundu tribe. In 1961 the MPLA led a revolt in Luanda that was quashed by Portuguese troops, and other nationalist movements

OPPOSITE: Residential dwellings in Luanda, the capital city of Angola. BELOW : A map of Angola.

ANGOLA

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Angola

developed between different ethnic groups. Independence was granted in 1975 but a power struggle developed among rival nationalist forces. The Marxist MPLA formed a Independence of Angola (UNITA) launched a civil war that lasted for 16 years. A treaty was signed in 1991 and multi-party elections were held the following year. Civil strife continued, however, when the MPLA, now no longer Marxist, was victorious and UNITA would not accept the result. In accord with the Lusaka Protocol, a government of national unity was formed in 1994, with leaders from both parties. Dos Santos remained president but UNITA’s Jonas Savimbi rejected the vice-presidency, which led to continued fighting. This resulted in UN sanctions being imposed on UNITA in 1997, but the fighting did not stop. In 2002 government forces killed Savimbi and a ceasefire was agreed. Over the coming years, although the political situation of the country stablized, regular democratic processes were not established until the elections of 2009 and 2012. To most people, Angola is synonymous with bloodshed, its association with Portugal and the acquisition of diamonds and crude government, but troops of the National Union for the Total

ABOVE: Angolan dwellings built in traditional style. LEFT: The Catholic cathedral of Lubango. OVERLEAF: The beautiful Kalandula Falls are situated on the Lucala River. They are 344 feet (105m) high and 1,300 feet (400m) wide. They are one of the largest waterfalls by volume in Africa. oil being responsible for this in equal measure. But Angola’s present economy is being driven by its oil sector, with record oil prices and rising petroleum production giving growth averages of more than 15 percent per annum. A post-war

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Southern Africa

Tundavala Gap Tundavala Gap is situated on the rim of the great

escarpment called Serra da Leba. It is located some 12 miles (18km) from the city of Lubango, in Huíla province, Angola. The escarpment marks the western limit of Bié Plateau. The altitude at the rim exceeds 7,217 feet (2,200m), while the plain below is approximately 3,937 feet (1,200m) lower. The impressive view from the gap stretches for miles. The rugged terrain is popular with climbers and hikers.

reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has also led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture, although much of the country’s

infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the long civil war. In 2016 Angola was hit by drought, causing high food prices and malnutrition .

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