Mining for Closure: Policies, practises and guidelines for sustainable mining and closure of mines

table of contents

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Environment, security and Mining for Closure Introduction ENVSEC and Mining in South Eastern Europe Why is this document required? Challenges identified in previous UNEP studies An agenda for this document

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

13 17 17 21 29 31 32 35 37 37 39 44 45 50 52 57 63 64 66 70 71 75 76

The rationale for working towards “Mining for Closure” The opportunities associated with best environmental practice mining Investment in best mining practice Key external drivers for best environmental practice mining Real or perceived financial barriers

Mining stakeholders Who and what are mining stakeholders? Stakeholders & the potential use of this document

Closure and abandonment of mines Why do mines cease activity and how does this affect closure? A special problem with “orphaned sites” Why are mine sites abandoned? Common expectations and emergent best environmental practice

Mining for closure in SEE/TRB Meeting challenges for economies in transition Examples for innovative thinking Improving mining frameworks in SEE/TRB Orphaned and abandoned sites Operational sites New mining resources and new re-mining projects

Fostering institutional frameworks Mine closure policies in general The way forward

Glossary of Mining/Environment Terminology Bibliography

80 83

Appendix A – Cluj Declaration Appendix B – Key European Union information resources Appendix C – The Equator Principles Appendix D – Governance Principles for FDI in Hazardous Activities

89 91 92 94

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MINING FOR CLOSURE