2019 Year 12 IB Extended Essays

8 Hand Kingdom, focussing on the civil law. This was an example of knowledge being developed, as the Protestant states had rejected traditional thought – in which the Pope was spiritually allowed complete authority, in order to distinguish between the Church and State (refer to Appendix 3). Luther’s Doctrine of Two Kingdoms became pivotal in modern philosophical teaching. The philosophy of the two different uses of the law created an ability for society to use the development of knowledge from the Renaissance freely, and develop it further, exemplifying how Luther’s modern theory of knowledge was used to develop knowledge globally, creating governments as separate entities from the Church. When considering developments in the form and function of contemporary governments, compared with those which arose from Luther’s philosophy of the Two Kingdoms, it is easy to see the evolution of knowledge over time. This evolution is also seen in how the separation of the Church and State resulted from the freedom of thought and yearning for new knowledge that was developed in the Renaissance. The third key period of historical intellectual development, was the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in the local case study of 18 th century Britain, and was the term coined by British historian Arnold Toybee, to describe the process of shifting labour from manual, to the use of machinery (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018) (refer to Appendix 4). The Industrial Revolution quickly spread globally, and the concept of knowledge, related to examples such as engineering skills, or mass education, broadened across society. People were constantly searching for new processes of thought, or new ideas to research further. There was a culture that arose out of humanism that had a hunger to evolve society’s knowledge. This development of knowledge, and furthering of one’s individual intellect, led to the multitude of new technological innovations seen in the