2019 Year 12 IB Extended Essays

27 outside the traditional norms, it encourages new explorations of thought, and therefore new discoveries. Appendix 4: The process of shifting labour from manual to machinery consisted of new inventions and technologies, to minimise human energy expenditure and maximise production rates. Within the industrialization of the workforce, the Industrial Revolution developed two focuses of major intellectual development. Firstly, new energy sources, such as coal and electricity began to be utilised on a larger scale than ever before to power new inventions. Factories were built, in which new technologies could be housed, and powered by these new sources. Coal was readily available and cheap, making it the perfect power source for new machinery (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). The second focus of the intellectual development during the Industrial Revolution was the use of materials such as iron and steel, to build more durable machinery. Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution, in the late 19 th century, even newer materials were developed – including alloys, plastics, and lighter metals. These were utilised in automatic machinery developments, such as the computer. By the end of the 19 th century, most factories were almost completely mechanized and automated (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2018). Appendix 5: Sophia the Robot was developed by Hanson Robotics, and revealed to the world in 2016. Since then, she has spoken at the UN, posed for covers of magazines such as ELLE , and most recently, was awarded a citizenship of Saudi Arabia (Greshko, 2018). Sophia’s technology allows her to recognize human emotion, and react in turn, and functions in two