Rockwood Adults CH64

2870

SECTION FOUR • Lower Extremity

Annotated References Reference

Annotation

Ramsey PL, Hamilton W. Changes in tibiotalar area of contact caused by lateral talar shift. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(3):356–357.

Classic 1976 paper describing the 42% reduction in ankle joint contact area with 1 mm lateral translation of the talus. This paper can (and has been) be criticized for its technical limitations, but the key message is sound: talar subluxation results in mortise incongruity, which is presumed to lead to arthritis. The classic influential paper of 68 patients, showing syndesmotic malreduction in 44% cases reduced closed, and 15% when reduced open. There was a significantly worse functional outcome after malreduction. A further and regularly quoted paper on occult instability: comparing nonoperative with operative treatment for stress radiograph–positive fractures in 81 patients. Functional outcome was equal, although eight nonoperative patients had an increase in medial clear space of 5 or in one case 6 mm. However, 80% of the nonoperative but stress-positive ankle fractures united anatomically. This article addresses one of the most crucial problems in ankle fracture management—when is an apparently stable SER2 fracture actually an occult unstable SER4? If we use stress radiographs as the gold standard, about half of all “positive” patients are actually stable and are operated on unnecessarily. A cadaveric study which contradicts the assumption, still commonly asserted, that when fixing the syndesmosis the ankle has to be held in maximal dorsiflexion. One of several review articles addressing the popular vogue for posterior malleolar fixation. None have been able to provide evidence in favor of fixation, except where the talus is subluxed. Study comparing operative with nonoperative treatment in the elderly. Although functional outcome was equal at 1 year, 25% of treated patients initially treated nonoperatively required reintervention, and another 15% went on to a malunion. 12. Amanatullah DF, Wolinsky PR. An alternative fixation technique for small medial malleolus fractures. Orthopedics . 2010;33(12):888. 13. Anand N, Klenerman L. Ankle fractures in the elderly: MUA versus ORIF. Injury . 1993;24(2):116–120. 14. Anderson SA, Li X, Franklin P, et al. Ankle fractures in the elderly: initial and long- term outcomes. Foot Ankle Int . 2008;29(12):1184–1188. 15. Anis AH, Stiell IG, Stewart DG, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the Ottawa Ankle Rules. Ann Emerg Med . 1995;26(4):422–428. 16. AO Foundation website. Available from https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/ surgery. 17. Appleton P, McQueen M. The fibula nail for treatment of ankle fractures in elderly and high risk patients. Tech Foot Ankle Surg . 2006;5:204–208. 18. Ashhurst APC, Bromer RS. Classification and mechanism of fractures of the leg bones involving the ankle: based on a study of three hundred cases from the Epis- copal hospital. Arch surg . 1922;4(1):51–129. 19. Ashworth MJ, Patel N. Compartment syndrome following ankle fracture- dislocation: a case report. J Orthop Trauma . 1998;12(1):67–68. 20. Asloum Y, Bedin B, Roger T, et al. Internal fixation of the fibula in ankle fractures: a prospective, randomized and comparative study: plating versus nailing. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res . 2014;100(4 Suppl):S255–S259. 21. Assal M, Christofilopoulos P, Lübbeke A, et al. Augmented osteosynthesis of OTA 44-B fractures in older patients: a technique allowing early weightbearing. J Orthop Trauma . 2011; 25(12):742–747. 22. Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, et al. Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. BMJ . 2003;326(7386): 417. 23. Bagger J, Hølmer P, Nielsen KF. The prognostic importance of primary dislocated ankle joint in patients with malleolar fractures. Acta Orthop Belg . 1993;59(2): 181–183. A useful recent review of the literature.

Sagi HC, Shah AR, Sanders RW. The functional consequence of syndesmotic joint malreduction at a minimum 2-year follow-up. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(7):439–443.

Sanders DW, Tieszer C, Corbett B; Canadian Orthopedic Trauma Society. Operative versus nonoperative treatment of unstable lateral malleolar fractures: a randomized multicenter trial. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(3):129–134.

Tornetta P 3rd, Axelrad TW, Sibai TA, et al. Treatment of the stress positive ligamentous SE4 ankle fracture: incidence of syndesmotic injury and clinical decision making. J Orthop Trauma. 2012;26(11): 659–661.

Tornetta P 3rd, Spoo JE, Reynolds FA, et al. Overtightening of the ankle syndesmosis: is it really possible? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(4): 489–492.

Toth MJ, Yoon RS, Liporace FA, et al. What’s new in ankle fractures. Injury. 2017;48(10):2035–2041.

REFERENCES 1. Abdelgawad AA, Kadous A, Kanlic E. Posterolateral approach for treatment of pos- terior malleolus fracture of the ankle. J Foot Ankle Surg . 2011;50(5):607–611. 2. Ahl T, Dalén N, Holmberg S, et al. Early weight bearing of malleolar fractures. Acta Orthop Scand . 1986;57(6):526–529. 3. Ahl T, Dalén N, Holmberg S, et al. Early weight bearing of displaced ankle frac- tures. Acta Orthop Scand . 1987;58(5):535–538. 4. Ahl T, Dalén N, Lundberg A, et al. Early mobilization of operated on ankle frac- tures: prospective, controlled study of 40 bimalleolar cases. Acta Orthop Scand . 1993;64(1):95–99. 5. Ahl T, Dalén N, Lundberg A, et al. Biodegradable fixation of ankle fractures: a roent- gen stereophotogrammetric study of 32 cases. Acta Orthop Scand . 1994;65(2):166– 170. 6. Ahl T, Dalén N, Selvik G. Mobilization after operation of ankle fractures. Good results of early motion and weight bearing. Acta Orthop Scand . 1988;59(3):302– 306. 7. Ahl T, Dalén N, Selvik G. Ankle fractures: a clinical and roentgenographic stereo- photogrammetric study. Clin Orthop Rel Res . 1989(245):246–255. 8. Ahmad J, Raikin SM, Pour AE, et al. Bioabsorbable screw fixation of the syndesmo- sis in unstable ankle injuries. Foot Ankle Int . 2009;30(2):99–105. 9. Al-Nammari SS, Dawson-Bowling S, Amin A, et al. Fragility fractures of the ankle in the frail elderly patient: treatment with a long calcaneotalotibial nail. Bone Joint J . 2014;96-B(6):817–822. 10. Ali MS, McLaren CA, Rouholamin E, et al. Ankle fractures in the elderly: nonoper- ative or operative treatment. J Orthop Trauma . 1987;1(4):275–280. 11. Amanatullah DF, McDonald E, Shellito A, et al. Effect of mini-fragment fixa- tion on the stabilization of medial malleolus fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg . 2012;72(4):948–953. Veltman ES, Halma JJ, de Gast A. Longterm outcome of 886 posterior malleolar fractures: a systematic review of the literature. Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;22(2):73–77. Willett K, Keene DJ, Mistry D, et al. Close contact casting vs surgery for initial treatment of unstable ankle fractures in older adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(14):1455–1463.