New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

Journalists and scientists, for example, are human domain specialists who can iden tify COVID-19 fake news 758 however with so much information flooding the internet every day, it becomes hard and resource-intensive for people to identify bogus news. AI technologies can detect fake news about the disease by applying machine-learning tech niques for mining social media information, tracking down words that are sensational or alarming, and identifying which online sources are deemed authoritative for fighting infodemia. Machine learning methods are becoming more and more popular since they can au tomatically assess the veracity of COVID-19 news from internet channels. 759 Different controlled methods for learning, such as the random forest 760 , logistic regression 761 or support vector machine 762 , were adopted to train prediction models for detecting COVID-19 fake news. Extraction of machine-understandable information from the news items is crucial for machine learning-based COVID-19 false news predictions. 763 It is possible to identify COVID-19 fake news using linguistic and sentiment traits, according to recent research. For instance, determining the writing style of fake news can be done by counting the quantity of uppercase characters. 764 Conclusion The intricate and widespread nature of infodemia stemming from hostile information operations presents a substantial quandary to national security. It stands as a formidable challenge that is likely to test the efficacy of international law in its capacity to shield against such threats. Consequently, international community is grappling with the for mulation of regulatory strategies to combat the propagation of erroneous or deceptive information, seeking to navigate the intricate landscape of this modern information warfare. This complex landscape underscores the necessity for a multifaceted response at both national and international levels to protect the integrity of information and the stability of societies in an interconnected world. Efforts to combat infodemia require a multi-pronged approach that acknowledges the unique challenges posed by digital communication. International law, which tradi tionally operates within state borders, must adapt to encompass the globalized nature of information dissemination. Promoting reliable information and creating an enabling 758 Tashtoush Y, Alrababah B, Darwish O, Maabreh M and Alsaedi N, ‘A Deep Learning Framework for Detection of COVID-19 Fake News on Social Media Platforms’ (2022) 7 Data 5, p. 2. 759 Varma R, Verma Y, Vijayvargiya P and Churi PP, ‘A systematik survey on deep learning and machine learning approaches of fake news detection in the pre-and post-COVID-19 pandemic.’ (2021) 14 International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 617, pp. 617–646. 760 Khan S, Hakak S, Deepa N, Prabadevi B, Dev K, Trelova S, ‘Detecting COVID-19-Related Fake News Using Feature Extraction’ (2022) 9 Frontiers in Public Health 788074, p. 9. 761 Ibid. 762 Abdelminaam DS, Ismail FH, Taha M, Taha A, Houssein EH, Nabil A, ‘CoAID-DEEP: An Optimized Intelligent Framework for Automated Detecting COVID-19 Misleading Information on Twitter.’ (2021) IEEE Access 9, pp. 27840–27867. 763 See, supra (n 760). 764 Al-Rakhami MS and Al-Amri AM, ‘Lies Kill, Facts Save: Detecting COVID-19 Misinformation in Twitter’ (2020) 8 IEEE Access 155961, pp. 155961–155970.

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