New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

base. 847 These technologies also have potential in the field of security, these systems can improve the cognitive abilities of soldiers through the brain-machine interaction. 848 Currently, there are ongoing studies, for example at Bar Ilan University in Israel focused on the bridges between neurosciences and machine learning. 849 Big Data systems are enormous amounts of data, sometimes compared to large and complex databases, the management of these systems and manipulation with them involves logistic challenges and therefore it cannot be done by using usual data processing methods and applications. The Big Data systems are used to train AI due to the fact that significant and valuable patterns can be learned from its analysis. 850 There are more than hundred companies in Israel which are focused on developing this area of AI. 851 Super-Computing systems refer to computers that have powerful calculation capabilities, they are designed to solve a single problem by a specific calculation. Super computers are for example used to develop nuclear weapons. 852 In 2021 Israel allocated around 8 million USD to finance the Israel’s official national supercomputer project. 853 Quantum Computerization systems are based on quantum mechanics, they operate on the basis of quantum superposition and entanglement, and they generate high-level computing abilities. While “normal” computers perform calculations using binary units, quantum computers use qubits (they can be both 0 and 1 at the same time). These systems can create new paradigms in the way how they collect, store and process information, they can be used in security areas, because they have the ability to disrupt all the usual methods of encryption and therefore cause the collapse of the existing systems. 854 In the last approximately 5 years there has been established at least 30 quantum computing companies, Israel allocated 29 million USD to establish Israeli Quantum Computing Centre (currently in progress). 855 Cloud Computing systems allow the access from any location to the shared pool of resources including networks, servers, storages, applications, services and data. These systems allow remote computer which is connected to the network to access the database. The Cloud Computing systems have the ability to use the resources, platforms and software through the provider’s websites. Cloud computing can store large amounts 847 Gonfalonieri A, ‘A Beginner’s Guide to Brain-Computer Interface and Convolutional Neural Networks’ ( Medium, 2018) accessed 21 October 2023. 848 Marsh S, ‘Neurotechnology, Elon Musk and the Goal of Human Enhancement’ ( The Guardian , 2018) accessed 21 October 2023. 849 ‘Israeli scientists study secrets of human brain to bring AI to next level’ ( The Jerusalem Post , 2020) accessed 21 October 2023. 850 Press G, ‘12 Big Data Definitions: What’s Yours?’ ( Forbes , 2014) accessed 21 October 2023. 851 ‘101 Best Israel Big Data Startups & Companies’ ( Data Magazine ) accessed 21 October 2023. 852 Antebi, c. d. pp. 55–56. 853 ‘Israel wants a massive supercomputer – no matter the costs’ ( Haaretz , 2021) accessed 21 October 2023. 854 Ibid. 855 ‘Is Israel about to become a leader in quantum computing?’ ( Israel21c , 2022) accessed 31 October 2023.

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