New Technologies in International Law / Tymofeyeva, Crhák et al.

The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in justice systems, including digitalization, can contribute to an increase in quality as mentioned by Warsaw Declaration II. The impact of DT on courts attempts to map out the issues that may arise as a result of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the legal system. 132 Moreover, the DT of the judicial system provides a set of actions to monitor each proceeding individually as a key source to improvise access to justice. In other words, the progress of the case, from initiation through trial to the completion of post disposition work, when controlled and supervised will leave no room for arbitrary or biased judgments. 133 However, some argue widely that it is unclear whether the use of high-end technology might help in preventing and resolving the most pressing justice problems, access to justice or issues with local government about public services. 134 Jane Donoghue talks about the development of digital justice in the courtroom, which is a little-discussed but crucial element of legal technology change. She explores the consequences of advancements in courtroom technology for fair and equitable public involvement, as well as access to justice. 135 It can be inferred that the existing literature focuses the most on the digital government and the information technology systems in general. Additionally, numerous pieces of literature tried to measure the determinants of judicial efficiency 136 , considering DT/ICT as one of them. Nevertheless, this paper is mainly focused on the DT and its effects on the court’s output and access to justice. 137 Also, the analysis of DT projects in judicial systems in numerous countries is a difficult task for lack of the available relevant data and information, take into account that the justice administration is considered critical and sensitive because it is managing critical data in civil, criminal and administrative judicial processes. This explains the difficulties faced in proceeding with observations of research approaches. Method of Research The article is considering the judicial service (represented in the “courts, judges, clerks,) as a production unit hands as a supplier of a certain service or product 133 Steelman DC, Caseflow Management: The Heart of Court Management in the New Millennium (NCSC, 2004). 134 Kanan D, ‘Use of digital technologies in judicial reform and access to justice cooperation’ ( HiiL , 2021) . 135 Donoghue J, ‘The Rise of Digital Justice: Courtroom Technology, Public Participation and Access to Justice: The Rise of Digital Justice’ (2017) 80 Modern Law Review 995, p. 14. 136 Vereeck L and Mühl M, ‘An Economic Theory of Court Delay’ (2000) 9 European Journal of Law and Economics 2, pp. 243–268. 137 ‘European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) CEPEJ Studies’ ( Council of Europe portal ) . 132 Zsófia F, Gyuranecz B and Krausz B, ‘The impact of DT on courts’ (2022) Cybersecurity and Law 272, pp. 272–296.

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