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Recent Trends in Photon Dose Calculation

D LBTE - deterministic linear Boltzmann transport equation

 Boltzmann (1872) described the statistical behavior of a thermodynamic system not in equilibrium.  A fluid with spatial temperature gradients is a classic example.  Modern applications to any kinetic equation that describes the change of a macroscopic quantity in a thermodynamic system, such as energy, charge or particle number.  Monte Carlo is a numerical method using random sampling to approximate a solution.  Discrete ordinates is a means of directly calculating the average/probability of a collection of particles evolving to a state of positions and momenta over time. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation

Vassiliev ON, Wareing TA, et al, PMB 55(3), 581–98 (2010) Han T, Mikell, JK et al Med. Phys., 38(5), 2651-2664 (2011)