Porth's Pathophysiology, 9e

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UNIT X Disorders of Renal Function and Fluids and Electrolytes

15. Murphy F. (2011). Chronic kidney disease in the primary care setting. Practice Nursing 22(4), 184, 186–189. 16. National Kidney Disease Educational Program. (2011). GFR MDRD cal- culator for adults . [Online]. Available: http://nkdep.nih.gov/professionals/ gfr_calculators/idms_con.htm. Retrieved July 27, 2011. 17. Thomas N. (2011). The management of CKD. Nurse Prescribing 9(2), 76–81. 18. Gansevort R., Nauta F. L., Bakker S. J. L. (2010). Albuminuria: All you need to predict outcomes in CKD? Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension 19(6), 513–518. 19. Chaudhury K., Phadke G., Nistala R., et al. (2010). The emerging role of biomarkers in diabetic and hypertensive CKD. Current Diabetes Reports 10(1), 37–42. 20. Peralta C. A., Shilpak M. G., Judd S., et al. (2011). Journal of American Medical Association 305(15), 1545–1552. 21. Murphy F., Bennett L., Jenkins K. (2010). Managing anemia of CKD. British Journal of Nursing 19(20), 1281–1286. 22. Maesaka J. K., Imbriano L. J., Ali N. M., et al. (2009). Is it cerebral or renal salt wasting? Kidney International 76(9), 934–938. 23. Cuppari L., Garcia Lopes M. G., Kaminura M. A. (2011). Vitamin D biol- ogy: From the discovery to its significance in CKD. Journal of Renal Nutrition 21(1), 113–116. 24. Moorthi R. N., Kandula P., Moe S. M. (2011). Optimal vitamin D, calci- trol, and vitamin D analog replacement in CKD: To D or not to D? That is the question. Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension 20(4), 354–359. 25. Armas L. A., Heaney R. P. (2011). Journal of Renal Nutrition 21(2), 134–139. 26. Soonberbielle J. C., Roth H., Fonque D. P. (2010). Parathyroid hormone measurement in CKD. Kidney International 77(2), 93–100. 27. Eddington H., Kabra P. A. (2010). The association of CKD-mineral bone disorder and cardiovascular risk. Journal of Renal Care 36(Suppl. 1), 61–67. 28. Komaba H., Nekanish S., Fujimori A., et al. (2010). Cinacalcet effectively reduces parathyroid hormone secretion and gland volume regardless of pretreatment gland size in patients with secondary hyperparathyroid- ism. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5(12), 2305–2314. 29. National Kidney Foundation. (2006). KDOQI National Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia with CKD. [Online]. Available: http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guide- lines_anemia/index.htm. Retrieved July 27, 2011. 30. Muntner P. Anderson A. Charleston J., et al. (2010). Chronic renal insufficiency cohort study investigators: Hypertension awareness, treat- ment, and control in adults with CKD: results from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. American Journal of Kidney Disease 55(3), 441–451. 31. Cuesta Grueso C., Poveda Andres J., Garcia Pellicer J., et al. (2010). Cost minimization analysis for darbepoetin alpha vs. epoetin alpha in CKD patients on hemodialysis. Farmacia Hospitalaria 34(2), 68–75. 32. Singh A. K. (2010). What is causing the mortality in treating the anemia of CKD: Erythropoetin dose or hemoglobin level? Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension 19(5), 420–424. 33. Kohan D. E. (2010). Endothelin, hypertension, and CKD: New insights. Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension 19(2), 134–139. 34. Ghafari A., Farshed B., Afshari A. T., et al. (2010). Sildenafil citrate can improve erectile dysfunction among CKD patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology 20(3), 142–145. 35. Yamamoto R., Nagawawa Y., Shuji T., et al. (2010). Cigarette smoking and progression of IgA nephropathy. American Journal of Kidney Disease 56(2), 313–324. 36. Parker J. (1990). Reduction in ESRD reimbursement rate: Identifying research profiles and quality indicators. American Nephrology Nurses Association Journal 17(2), 147–154. 37. Khosla N., Gordon E., Nishl L., et al. (2010). Impact of CKD clinic on pre- emptive kidney transplantation and transplant wait times. Transplantation 20(3), 216–220.

2. A 35-year-old, 70-kg white man with diabe- tes mellitus is seen in the diabetic clinic for his 6-month check-up. His serum creatinine, which was slightly elevated at his last visit, is now 1.6 mg/dL. Use the following Web site to estimate his GFR: http://www.mdcalc.com/ creatinine-clearance-cockcroft-gault-equation A. Would he be classified as having CKD? If so, what stage? What might be done to delay or prevent further deterioration of his kidney function? 3. CKD is accompanied by hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, impaired activation of vitamin D, hyperparathyroidism, and skeletal complications. A. Explain the impaired activation of vitamin D and its consequences on calcium and phos- phate homeostasis, parathyroid function, and mineralization of bone in persons with CKD. B. Explain the possible complications of the administration of activated forms of vitamin D on parathyroid function and calcium and phosphate homeostasis (e.g., calcium × phos- phate product). References 1. National Kidney Foundation. (2011). Chronic kidney disease. [Online]. Available: http://www.kidney.org/kidneyDisease/. Retrieved July 21, 2011. 2. Morton P. G., Fontaine D. (2009). Critical care nursing: A holistic approach (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3. Ostermann M., Chang R. (2007). Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE. Critical Care Medicine 35(8), 1837–1842. 4. Dirkes S. (2011). Acute kidney injury: Not just acute renal failure any- more? Critical Care Nurse 31(1), 37–49. 5. Hall J. E. (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 6. Rubin R., Strayer D. (2012). Rubin’s pathology: Clinicopathologic foun- dations of medicine (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 7. Linkermann A., Himmerkus N., Rolver L., et al. (2011). Renal tubular Fas ligand mediates fratricide in cisplatin-induced acute kidney failure. Kidney International 79(2), 169–178. 8. Qian Q., Nath K. A., Wu Y., et al. (2010). Hemolysis and acute kidney failure. American Journal of Kidney Disease 56(4), 780–784. 9. Tanagho E. A., McAninch J. W. (2008). Smith’s general urology (17th ed.). NewYork, NY: McGraw Hill. 10. Yakin K. M. (2011). Acute kidney injury: An overview of pathophysiol- ogy and treatments. Nephrology Nursing Journal 38(1), 13–19. 11. Ronco C., Bagshaw S. M. (2009). Kidney function tests and urinalysis in acute renal failure. In Roncoe C., Bellomo R., Kellum J. A. (Eds.), Critical care nephrology (2nd ed., pp. 251–259). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 12. Langenberg C., Wan L., Bagshaw S. M., et al. (2006). Urinary biochem- istry in experimental septic acute renal failure. Nephrology Dialogue Transplant 21, 3389–3397. 13. Parikh C. R., Devarjan P. New biomarkers for acute kidney injury. Critical Care Medicine 36(4 Suppl.), S159–S165. 14. National Kidney Foundation (2008). Chronic kidney disease guidelines. [Online]. Available: http://www.kidney.org. Retrieved July 27, 2011.