CYIL 2015

THE CZECHǧAUSTRIAN DECLARATION ON JURISDICTIONAL IMMUNITIES … • property of a State forming part of its cultural heritage or its archives or forming part of an exhibition of objects of scientific, cultural or historical interest, and not placed or intended to be placed on sale cannot be subject to any measure of constraint, such as attachment, arrest or execution, in another State; and • therefore, such measures of constraint can only be taken if immunity is expressly waived for a clearly specified property by the competent national authorities of the State owning the property or if the property has been allocated or earmarked by that State for the satisfaction of the claim which is the object of the proceeding concerned. In this context, we reaffirmour commitment to the rules of customary international law on State-owned cultural property as outlined above, in relation to any dispute that may arise in connection with cross-border loans of such property intended for public display. In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed the Declaration.” The preamble explains the raison d’être of the Declaration, i.e., to strengthen international cultural cooperation and to promote the lending and borrowing of State owned cultural property for public display. Furthermore, the preamble specifically mentions “the need to reaffirm the international legal framework” and claims that the customary international law on State immunity is codified by the UN Convention. The first operative paragraph combines the language contained in Article 21(1) (d) and (e) of the UN Convention; 27 therefore, its scope goes beyond the State-owned cultural property on public display. It would apply also to those objects forming part of the cultural heritage or archives of a State that would cross the borders, e.g. for the purposes of restoration or scientific research. It should be noted that the Declaration (like the UN Convention) covers the property of a State only – therefore, not private collections. This is significant, as cultural property belonging to private individuals occasionally forms part of an exhibition and the State of their origin sometimes asks the borrowing State for legal guarantees. In this case, the Declaration is not applicable. The second operative paragraph used the language from Article 19 of the UN Convention on the exception from State immunity from post-judgment measures of constraint. The final part contains a commitment of the signatory States to the above-stated rules of customary international law (opinion iuris) . 27 Article 21 para. 1 of the UN Convention: „1. The following categories, in particular, of property of a State shall not be considered as property specifically in use or intended for use by the State for other than government non-commercial purposes under article 19, subparagraph (c): … (d) property forming part of the cultural heritage of the State or part of its archives and not placed or intended to be placed on sale; (e) property forming part of an exhibition of objects of scientific, cultural or historical interest and not placed or intended to be placed on sale.”

397