Caterpillar Performance Handbook, January 2017, SEBD0351-47

MINING AND EARTHMOVING

CONTENTS Elements of Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-1 Volume Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Swell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Load Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Material Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-2 Fill Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3 Soil Density Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-3 Figuring Production On-the-Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Load Weighing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Time Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 English Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-4 Metric Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Estimating Production Off-the-Job. . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Rolling Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-5 Grade Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Total Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Traction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-6 Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-7 Job Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 English Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-8 Metric Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-10 Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13 Economic Haul Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-13 Production Estimating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Loading Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Fuel Consumption and Productivity. . . . . . . . . . 28-14 Formulas and Rules of Thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-15 INTRODUCTION This section explains the earthmoving principles used to determine machine productivity. It shows how to calculate production on-the-job or estimate production off-the-job.

ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION Production is the hourly rate at which material is moved. Production can be expressed in various units: Metric Bank Cubic Meters — BCM — bank m 3 Loose Cubic Meters — LCM — loose m 3 Compacted Cubic Meters — CCM— compacted m 3 Tonnes English Bank Cubic Yards — BCY — bank yd 3 Loose Cubic Yards — LCY — loose yd 3 Compacted Cubic Yards — CCY — compacted yd 3 Tons For most earthmoving and material handling appli- cations, production is calculated by multiplying the quan- tity of material (load) moved per cycle by the number of cycles per hour. Production = Load/cycle × cycles/hour

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The load can be determined by 1) load weighing with scales

2) load estimating based on machine rating 3) surveyed volume divided by load count 4) machine payload measurement system

Generally, earthmoving and overburden removal for coal mines are calculated by volume (bank cubic meters or bank cubic yards). Metal mines and aggregate pro- ducers usually work in weight (tons or tonnes).

Edition 47 28-1