HSC Section 8_April 2017

CT IMAGING IN OTOSCLEROSIS

available evidence on this topic. The search strategy was transparent and thorough. The screening of eligible articles, as well as the critical appraisal of selected studies, was performed by at least two independent authors, thereby limiting erroneous subjective decisions as much as possible. The critical appraisal ensures the transparent evaluation of strengths and limitations of the included studies. The evaluation of both relevance and validity is based on clear, predetermined criteria and aids the reader in interpreting the evidence. There is one limitation that could have potentially biased the results presented in this review. Two studies were excluded on the basis of language (Japanese and Spanish) (14,15). None of the authors are fluent in these two languages and therefore we decided not to include these studies. There is a possibility that these articles were relevant to our review. The prevalence of otosclerosis in patients with a clinical suspicion of otosclerosis and/or an indication for surgery is generally high. As a result, preoperative CT has little to add in establishing otosclerosis and may not be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Furthermore, a normal CT does not fully exclude otosclerosis. We would recommend reserving CT for those patients with sus- pected additional abnormalities, for specific preoperative planning, or out of legal necessity, but not for diagnosing otosclerosis. CONCLUSION 1. Menger DJ, Tange RA. The aetiology of otosclerosis: A review of the literature. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2003;28:112–20. 2. Liktor B, Re´ve´sz P, Csomor P, et al. Diagnostic value of cone-beam CT in histologically confirmed otosclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolar- yngol 2014;271:2131–8. 3. Karosi T, Csomor P, Sziklai I. The value of HRCT in stapes fixations corresponding to hearing thresholds and histologic find- ings. Otol Neurotol 2012;33:1300–7. 4. Sakai O, Curtin HD, Fujita A, et al. Otosclerosis: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Am J Otolaryngol 2000;21:116–8. 5. Wycherly BJ, Berkowitz F, Noone AM, et al. Computed tomogra- phy and otosclerosis: A practical method to correlate the sites affected to hearing loss. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010; 119:789–94. 6. Kiyomizu K, Tono T, Yang D, et al. Correlation of CT analysis and audiometry in Japanese otosclerosis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2004;31:125–9. 7. Merkus P, van Loon MC, Smit CF, et al. Decision making in advanced otosclerosis: An evidence-based strategy. Laryngoscope 2011;121:1935–41. 8. Wegner I, Bittermann AJN, Hentschel MA, et al. Pure-tone audio- metry in otosclerosis: Insufficient evidence for the diagnostic value of the Carhart notch. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149:528–32. 9. Dorresteijn PM, Ipenburg NA, Murphy KJ, et al. Rapid systematic review of normal audiometry results as a predictor for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;150:919–24. REFERENCES

10. Adolphs APJ, Boersma NA, van Diemel BDM, et al. A systematic review of CT-detection of cartilage invasion in laryngeal carci- noma. Laryngoscope 2015;125:1650–5. 11. Diagnostic Critical Appraisal Sheet. Oxford Centre for Evi- dence Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/?o=1040. March 1, 2014. 12. Shin JJ, Stinnett S, Page J, et al. Evidence-based medicine in otolaryngology, Part 3: Everyday probabilities: Diagnostic tests with binary results. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;147:185– 92. 13. Monsour MJ, Evans AT, Kupper LL. Confidence intervals for post- test probability. Stat Med 1991;10:443–56. 14. Yang D, Kodama T, Tono T, et al. High-resolution CT of otoscle- rosis. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1997;57:864–70. 15. Montan˜o Vela´zquez BB1, Bello Mora A, Zepeda Lo´pez EG, et al. Evidence of otospongiosis obtained by computerized tomography. Does it compromise the post-stapedectomy auditory gain? Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2002;53:387–90. 16. Marx M, Lagleyre S, Escude B, et al. Correlations between CT scan findings and hearing thresholds in otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol 2011;131:351–7. 17. Lagleyre S, Sorrentino T, Calmels MN, et al. Reliability of high- resolution CT scan in diagnosis of otosclerosis. Otol Neurol 2009;30:1152–9. 18. Shin YJ, Deguine O, Cognard C, et al. Reliability of CT-Scan in the diagnosis of cases of conductive hearing loss with normal tympanic membrane. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol 2001;122:81–4. 19. Trojanowska A, Trojanowski P, Olszanski W, et al. How to reliably evaluate middle ear diseases? Comparison of different methods of post-processing based on multislice computed tomography exam- ination. Acta Otolaryngol 2007;127:258–64. 20. Tringali S, Pouget JF, Bertholon P, et al. Value of temporal bone density measurements in otosclerosis patients with normal-appear- ing computed tomographic scan. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2007;116:195–8. 21. Bozorg Grayeli A, Yrieix CS, Imauchi Y, et al. Temporal bone density measurements using CT in otosclerosis. Acta Otolaryngol 2004;124:1136–40. 22. Lee TL, Wang MC, Lirng JF, et al. High resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis of otosclerosis in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2009;72:527–32. 23. Mori N, Toyama Y, Kimura N, et al. Detection of small fenestral otosclerotic lesions by high-resolution computed tomography using multiplanar reconstruction. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013;40: 36–40. 24. de Oliveira Vicente A, de Oliveira Penido N, Yamashita HK, et al. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of fenestral otosclerosis. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 2004;70:66–73. 25. de Oliveira Vicente A, Yamashita HK, Albernaz PLM, et al. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of otosclerosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134:685–92. 26. Berretini S, Ravecca F, Volterrani D, et al. Imaging evaluation in otosclerosis: Single photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2010;119:215– 24. 27. Shin YJ, Calvas P, Deguine O, et al. Correlations between computed tomography findings and family history in otosclerotic patients. Otol Neurol 2001;22:461–4. 28. Virk JS, Singh A, Lingam RK. The role of imaging in the diagnosis and management of otosclerosis. Otol Neurotol 2013;34: e55–e60. 29. Kutlar G, Koyuncu M, Elmali M, et al. Are computed tomography and densitometric measurements useful in otosclerosis with mixed hearing loss? A retrospective clinical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolar- yngol 2014;271:2421–5. 30. Kawase S, Naganawa S, Sone M, et al. Relationship between CT densitometry with a slice thickness of 0.5mm and audiometry in otosclerosis. Eur Radiol 2006;16:1367–73.

Otology & Neurotology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016

147