Eternal India Encyclopedia

Eternal India

LURE - THRU THE AGES

encyclopedia

3750 B.C. - 1500 B.C. - INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION - HARAPPAN CULTURE

“The story of the rise and decline of the Indus Civilization is an epitome of man's struggle for conquering nature and building an integrated peace-loving and prosperous society. In this struggle the Harappans seem to have succeeded to a large extent. Their response to the challenge of nature, which came from the river as well as the sea, was a positive one. Nature's second challenge to man came from the sea. The highly resourceful craftsmen of the Indus cities could even produce scientific instruments in shell, of which compass and linear scale are good examples. Many of the luxury articles of gemstones and ivory were exported to Bahrain, and Ur, Kish, and Brak in Mesopotamia besides Susa in Elam. In the fertile plains of the Indus, Saraswati and Sabarmati rivers the Harappans could grow surplus food to feed the craftsmen engaged in metal-working, bead-making and ship-building through an efficient distributory channel which presupposes an equally efficient administration of towns and cities and regulation of trade. The crowning achievement of the Indus Empire is the cultural integration of different ethnic and religious groups ensuring enduring peace and material prosperity. The Indus Civilization could not have survived for five centuries in its pristine form enforcing uniform laws and ensuring proper distribution of goods over a vast territory of 1.5 million sq. km. had it not been a culturally and politically well-knit society with a state which was effective but not ruthless. Each province had a centre of authority and each city or town was well administered as reflected in the homogeneity of planning and services available to the citizens.” ‘Dawn & Devolution of the Indus Civilization Dr. S.R. Rao

Southern Province

Eastern Province

2400-1800 B.C. 2450-1600 B.C. 2100-1500 B.C.

Surkotada Lothal Rojdi

2350-1700 B.C. 2250-1400 B.C. 2200-1400 B.C.

Kalibangan Banawali Mitathal Protohistory I.

c. 4,000 B.C. to c. 2.000B.C.

Baluchistan Kashmir Assam (Meghalaya)

Neolithic

n .

Neolithic-Chalcolithic II. 2,500 B.C. to c. 1,000 B.C.

i.

Andhra

ii.

Mysore-Kamataka

iii. iv.

Tamilnadu

Bihar

v.

Kashmir

vi.

Maharashtra

Chalcolithic III. c. 2,000 to c. 700 B.C.

i.

Madhya Pradesh

ii.

U.P.

iii. iv.

Bihar

Maharashtra

Copper Age IV. c. 2,000 B.C. to c. 1,000 B.C. V. c. 2,500 B.C. or

Ahar or Banas Culture i. S.E. Rajasthan

Sind,

Baluchistan,

Indus Civilization

Punjab, Western U.P., N. Rajasthan Kutch, Saurashtra, Coastal Gujarat.

c. 2,350 B.C. to c. 1,750 B.C.

Early Iron Age

CHRONOLOGY

c. 1,000 B.C. to

i.

U.P.

Life span of the city at Harappa as viewed Marshall : 3250 - 2750 B.C. Mackay

by :

c. 700 B.C.

ii.

Bihar

iii. iv.

W. Bengal

:

2800 - 2500 B.C.

Mysore

Vats : 3500 - 2500B.C. Wheeler

:

2500-1500B.C.

M.P.

V.

On the basis of 14 C and relative dates

vi.

Maharashtra

Central Province

These dates will be followed until MASCA corrected dates suggested in table given below are accepted by all archaeologists.

Mohenjo-daro : 2500-1800 B.C. Amri :

2450-1700 B.C.

Kot-diji : 2450-1700 B.C. Balakot :

2450-1700 B.C.