2015 HSC Section 1 Book of Articles

Boyette

SUMMARY

Although maxillofacial fractures are not as common in children as in adults, the constantly growing facial skeleton adds several levels of complexity to the treatment of these injuries. Fortunately, children heal well and conservative techniques can frequently be used. Growth disturbances from the initial trauma and from the sur- geon’s interventions are difficult to predict, but avoiding aggressive dissection and extensive fixation is recommended. Long-term follow-up with a multidisciplinary team is often needed to manage the future changes in facial development that may occur with these injuries. 1. Morris C, Kushner GM, Tiwana PS. Facial skeletal trauma in the growing patient. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2012;24(3):351–64 . 2. Moss ML. The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 1. The role of mechano- transduction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1997;112(1):8–11 . 3. Cole P, Kaufman Y, Hollier LH Jr. Managing the pediatric facial fracture. Cranio- maxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2009;2(2):77–83 . 4. Gussack GS, Luterman A, Powell RW, et al. Pediatric maxillofacial trauma: unique features in diagnosis and treatment. Laryngoscope 1987;97(8 Pt 1): 925–30 . 5. Sgouros S, Goldin JH, Hockley AD, et al. Intracranial volume change in child- hood. J Neurosurg 1999;91(4):610–6 . 6. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29(4):303–8 . 7. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM, et al. Growth patterns in the orbital region: a morphometric study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29(4):315–8 . 8. Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Growth patterns of the face: a morpho- metric study. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992;29(4):308–15 . 9. Shah RK, Dhingra JK, Carter BL, et al. Paranasal sinus development: a radio- graphic study. Laryngoscope 2003;113(2):205–9 . 10. Wolf G, Anderhuber W, Kuhn F. Development of the paranasal sinuses in chil- dren: implications for paranasal sinus surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1993; 102(9):705–11 . 11. Yavuzer R, Sari A, Kelly CP, et al. Management of frontal sinus fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115(6):79e–93e . 12. Brown WA, Molleson TI, Chinn S. Enlargement of the frontal sinus. Ann Hum Biol 1984;11(3):221–6 . 13. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachi O, et al. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62(4): 399–407 . 14. Grunwaldt L, Smith DM, Zuckerbaun NS, et al. Pediatric facial fractures: demo- graphics, injury patterns, and associated injuries in 772 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128(6):1263–71 . 15. Heron M. Deaths: leading causes for 2009. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2012;61(7): 1–96 . 16. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachi O, et al. Cranio-maxillofacial trauma: a 10 year review of 9,543 cases with 21,067 injuries. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2003;31(1):51–61 . 17. Alvi A, Doherty T, Lewen G. Facial fractures and concomitant injuries in trauma patients. Laryngoscope 2003;113(1):102–6 . REFERENCES

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