2nd ICAI 2022

International Conference on Automotive Industry 2022

Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic

pollution sources. For many decades, vehicles powered by internal combustion engines (ICE) have dominated the car market because of great autonomy and low cost; factors that led them to consolidate a market without competitors. For decades, companies have been investing many resources in developing improvements to this technology. Another important factor is that consumers are used to using vehicles powered by ICE, making it more difficult to insert electric vehicles on the market, especially when the prices of these cars are higher than those of conventional vehicles (Das, H Rahman, S. & Tan, Li C., 2020). With the growth of the world vehicle fleet, the emissions of exhaust gases from the transport sector started worry authorities, both in the climatic phenomenon called global warming and in the air quality, being an aggravating factor to the respiratory system of citizens (Das, H Rahman, S. & Tan, Li C., 2020). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the main gas emitted by combustion engines, and due to incomplete combustion, methane (CH4) is also emitted. These gasses are proven to be responsible for global warming, with methane about 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide (X. Sun, Z. Li & X. Wang, C. Li, 2020). Carbonmonoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur (SOx), aldehydes, particulate matter (MP), and unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), form smog and contribute to the degradation of the quality of the air. Therefore, measures to reduce gas emissions in this sector are one of the main ways to combat global warming and deteriorating air quality (Badr, O; Probert, S & O’callaghan P., 1991). In transport, the best way for reducing fossil fuels are expected by adopting electric and hybrid vehicles. In the roadmap of International Energy Agency (IEA), an introduction of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids is envisioned so that they reach 50% of light vehicle sales in 2050 (IEA, 2021) The relevance attributed to these vehicles in the context of a transition to an economy of low GHG emissions is associated with greater energy conversion efficiency (IEA, 2021). The greater efficiency of electric vehicles compared to conventional vehicles is mainly associated with the fact that the conversion efficiency in the electric motor (that is, from the battery to the engine) is very close to 100% while, in the internal combustion engine, this efficiency is in around 30–40%. There are purely electric vehicles – battery powered vehicles, or BEVs – and also vehicles that combine electric propulsion with traditional engines, called hybrid vehicles (HEVs) or plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), depending on how the battery is recharged (Vidyanandan, K.V., 2018). The first EVs were conceived in the 1830s, a few decades after Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) demonstrated the possibility of chemically storing electrical energy in batteries. The first vehicle to apply this battery was a tricycle developed by Trouvé in 1881 (Desmond, 2016). Between 1880 and 1900, electric vehicles lived a golden age. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, electric vehicles competed in the market with vehicles powered by ICEs (Henry et al., 2020) From the 1920s onwards, the primacy of gasoline vehicles became clear and electric vehicles lost strength in the market. The reasons given for the success of gasoline vehicles (and the consequent decline of electric vehicles) are diverse (Singh et al., 2019) and indicates the following factors:

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