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Cuban independence. He was soon arrested. His sentence was harsh—six years at hard labor—but he was released after serving only a few months and deported to Spain. While in Spain, Martí pub- lished political essays. He also obtained a law degree and a doctorate in philosophy and the humanities.

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After a yearlong teaching stint in Guatemala, Martí returned to Cuba in September 1878. The following year, how- ever, another rebellion against Spanish rule broke out. Martí— now married and with a young son—was accused of sedition against Spain and again deported. By 1881, he and his family had settled in New York City. There Martí would spend most of the remainder of his life. He supported himself through journalism, serving as a correspon- dent for several Latin American newspapers and writing pieces for U.S. publications. But his literary output was prodigious and wide ranging. He wrote fiction, poetry, essays, and literary criticism. He published a magazine for children. The cause to which Martí dedicated his life, however, was Cuban independence. In 1892, he helped unite a diverse group of Cuban exiles to found the Cuban Revolutionary Party. Over the next several years, he organized support for another war for independence among exile communities in the United States, the Caribbean, and Central America. He envisioned a

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