JCPSLP VOL 15 No 1 March 2013

Ontario Graduate Scholarship in Science and Technology, the Research Alliance for Children with Special Needs, and the University of Western Ontario Graduate Thesis Award. These research data were collected for a dissertation thesis project completed at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario Canada. SLP: “We are going to talk about boys or girls doing different things. You will have lots of time to practise telling me what different boys or girls are doing. I will be helping you a lot. Now let’s start.” [A 2-to-7-minute practise block followed before the training period began (i.e., the scored portion). This practise was completed to help establish the expected routine.] SLP: Who do you want to play? [Note: To elicit the target response he or she (subject-noun phrase), the SLP would probe further by saying, “What word do we use for the boy/girl when we start?” The additional probing was necessary to avoid the him/her response, considered the pragmatic or natural response to the initial who- question.] Preschooler: Her. SLP [using emphatic stress or pointing to grammatical image]: her? Preschooler: She. SLP: What is she doing? She… Preschooler: catching. SLP [using emphatic stress or pointing to grammatical image]: catching? Preschooler: is catching. SLP: What is she catching? She is catching… Preschooler: a fish. SLP: Now put it all together. Preschooler: She+is catching+a fish. References Archibald. L., & Gathercole, S. (2007). The complexities of complex memory span: Storage and processing deficits in specific language impairment. Journal of Memory and Language , 57 , 177–194. Brown, R. (1973). A first language . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cleave, P., & Rice, M. (1997). An examination of the morpheme BE in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 40 , 480–492. Dunn, L., & Dunn, L. (1997). Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (3rd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service. Fey, M., Cleave, P., Long, S., & Huges, D. (1993). Two approaches to the facilitation of grammar in children with SLI: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 36 , 141–157. Goffman, L. & Leonard, J. (2000). Growth of language skills in preschool children with specific language impairment: Implications for assessment and intervention. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 9 , 151–161. Hill, E. (2000). Spot bakes a cake . New York, NY: Penguin Group. Hill, E. (2003). Where’s Spot . New York, NY: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Kaufman, A., & Kaufman, N. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test – 2 . Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing. Law, J., Garrett, Z., Nye, C., & Dennis, J. (2012). Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and language delay or disorder: Update. Cochrane Appendix. Sample intervention routine

Karla N. Washington is an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati, specialising in child language outcomes. Genese Warr-Leeper is a professor of child language and literacy at the University of Western Ontario. mean length of utterance predicts relative efficacy of two grammatical treatments in preschoolers with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 54 , 1170–1181. Database of Systematic Reviews , 3 , Art. No: CD004110. doi: 10.1002/14651858. Lee, L. (1974). Developmental sentence analysis: A grammatical assessment procedure for speech and language clinicians . Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. Lee, L., & Canter, S. (1971). Developmental sentence scoring: A clinical procedure for estimating syntactic development in children’s spontaneous speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders , 36 , 315–340. Lee, L., Koenigsknecht, R., & Mulhern, S. (1975). Interactive language development teaching . Evanston, IL: Norwestern University Press. Leonard, L. (1998). Children with specific language impairment . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Pawlowska, M., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2006). Tense and agreement morphemes in the speech of children with specific language impairment during intervention: Phase 2. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 49 , 749–770. Leonard, L., Camarata, S., Pawlowska, M., Brown, B., & Camarata, M. (2008). The acquisition of tense and agreement morphemes by children with specific language impairment during intervention: Phase 3. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 51 , 120–125. Leonard, L., Ellis Weismer, S., Miller, C., Francis, D., Tomblin, J., & Kail, R. (2007). Speed of processing, working memory, and language impairment in children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 50 , 408–428. Miller, J. (1981). Assessing language production in children: Experimental procedures . Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Portney, L., & Watkins, M. (2009). Foundations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health. Washington, K., & Warr-Leeper, G. (2006). A collaborative approach to computer-assisted treatment of preschool children with specific language impairment. OSLA Connection Journal , 2 , 10–11,16. Washington, K., Warr-Leeper, G., & Thomas-Stonell, N. (2011). Exploring the outcomes of a novel computer- assisted treatment program targeting expressive-grammar deficits in preschoolers with SLI. Journal of Communication Disorders , 44 , 315–330. Werner, O., & Kresheck, J. (1983). The Structured Photographic Expressive Language Test – Preschool ( SPELT-P ). Dekalb, IL: Janelle, Publications. Wiig, E., Secord, W., & Semel, E. (1992). Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals – Preschool . San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace & Company. Yoder, P., Molfese, D., & Gardner, E. (2011). Initial

Correspondence to: Karla N. Washington, PhD

Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati 3202 Eden Avenue, 345D French East Building,

Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0379 email: washink2@ucmail.uc.edu

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JCPSLP Volume 15, Number 1 2013

Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology