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The pH of a soil impacts the behavior of chemicals and plays a role in the soil 150 ecosystem diversity. The typical pH range is 4.5 to about 8.4 but can be lower than 3.5 151 and higher than 9.0. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is also dependent on the soil 152 pH. 156 animal decomposition, material synthesized by organisms, and cells/debris from soil 157 organisms. SOM impacts the physical and chemical properties of soils, including soil 158 quality and function. 163 (topography), and 5) Time. Time as a forming factor refers to the time of active 164 weathering versus the standard linear time scale. For example, a soil in Hawaii can be 165 considered older than a soil found in North America due to active weathering. These 5 166 soil-forming factors lead to unique characteristics in each soil and the formation of soil 167 horizons along a vertical profile (Figure 2). There are 5 identified horizons, called O, A, 168 E, B, and C horizons layered above the unweathered parent material. Each horizon has 169 distinct properties as defined in the Terms and Definitions. A soil may contain all or just 170 a few of these horizons. The top horizon may be an O horizon of loose, partly decayed 171 organic matter or an A horizon consisting of mineral matter mixed with organic material. 172 153 154 155 159 160 161 162 6.4 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) The organic matter component of soil is comprised of substances from plant and 6.5 Soil Formation and Horizons Soils are formed by 5 main soil-forming factors: 1) Climate, 2) Parent Material (bedrock and deposited sediments), 3) Organisms (micro and macro), 4) Relief

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