DeVita. Cancer

C O N T E N T S

Contributing Authors v  ■  Preface xxi  ■  Acknowledgment xxiii

4. Microbiome and Cancer. . . . . . . . . . 66 Giorgio Trinchieri Introduction 66 Cancer as a Disease of the Metaorganism 66 Microbiota and Drug Metabolism 70 Microbiota and Chemotherapy 71 Microbiota and Immunotherapy 71 Looking Forward 74 5. Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes . . . . . . 77 Alice Hawley Berger and Pier Paolo Pandolfi Introduction 77 Principles of Cancer Susceptibility 77 Genetic Testing 80 Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes 80 P A R T I I Etiology and Epidemiology of Cancer SECTION 1. ETIOLOGY OF CANCER 6.Tobacco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Richard J. O’Connor Introduction 90 Epidemiology of Tobacco and Cancer 90 Carcinogens in Tobacco Products and Processes of Cancer Development 92 Conclusion 96 7. Oncogenic Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Christopher B. Buck, Lee Ratner, and Giovanna Tosato Principles of Tumor Virology 98 Bacteria as Cause of Cancer 66 Bacteria as Cancer Drugs 70 Principles of Cancer Chemoprevention 85 Emerging Knowledge and New Lessons 85 Conclusion 87

P A R T I Molecular Biology of Cancer 1.The Cancer Genome. . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Yardena Samuels, Alberto Bardelli, Yochai Wolf, and Carlos López-Otin Introduction 2 Cancer Genes and Their Mutations 2 Identification of Cancer Genes 2 Somatic Alteration Classes Detected by Cancer Genome Analysis 9 Pathway-Oriented Models of Cancer Genome Analysis 11 Networks of Cancer Genome Projects 13 The Genomic Landscape of Cancers 15 Integrative Analysis of Cancer Genomics 15 Immunogenomics 16 The Cancer Genome and the New Taxonomy of Tumors 17 Cancer Genomics and Drug Resistance 20 Perspectives of Cancer Genome Analysis 21 Acknowledgments 21 2. Molecular Methods in Cancer. . . . . . . . 25 Larissa V. Furtado, Jay L. Hess, and Bryan L. Betz Applications of Molecular Diagnostics in Oncology 25 The Clinical Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory: Rules and Regulations 29 Specimen Requirements for Molecular Diagnostics 29 Molecular Diagnostics Testing Process 29 Targeted Mutation Analysis Methods 30 Whole-genome Analysis Methods 36 Immunohistochemistry for Tumor Biomarkers 39 Cell-Free DNA Technologies 40 3. Hallmarks of Cancer: An Organizing Principle for Cancer Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Douglas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg Introduction 43 Hallmark Capabilities, in Essence 43 Two Ubiquitous Characteristics Facilitate the Acquisition of Hallmark Capabilities 53 The Constituent Cell Types of the Tumor Microenvironment 55 Therapeutic Targeting of the Hallmarks of Cancer 61 Conclusion and a Vision for the Future 61 Acknowledgment 62

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Papillomaviruses 100 Polyomaviruses 102 Epstein-Barr Virus 104 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus 105 Animal and Human Retroviruses 107

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