IX
Through Optimum Use and Innovation of Welding and Joining Technologies
Improving Global Quality of Life
9.
Needs and challenges of major industry sectors
for future applications
...................................................................................................81
9.1
Energy sector ..............................................................................................................83
9.1.1
Energy consumption and power generation .........................................................84
9.1.2
Power – Fossil ...............................................................................................................86
9.1.3
Hot topics ....................................................................................................................90
9.1.4
Power – Nuclear .........................................................................................................90
9.1.5
Hot topics ....................................................................................................................94
9.1.6
Power - Hydro..............................................................................................................94
9.1.7
Hot topics ....................................................................................................................95
9.1.8
Power - Renewable....................................................................................................96
9.1.9
Hot topics ....................................................................................................................97
9.2
Manufacturing sector ................................................................................................97
9.2.1
Joining technology in the production process - Actual status and trends .........97
9.2.2
Production using joining technology and economic viability ..............................98
9.2.3
Visions for joining technology optimised for processes........................................102
9.2.4
Production using joining technology and research.............................................103
9.2.5
Hot topics ..................................................................................................................103
9.3
Oil and gas sector ....................................................................................................103
9.3.1
Offshore and Onshore – Oil and gas .....................................................................104
9.3.2
Hot Topics ..................................................................................................................106
9.3.3
Hyperbaric welding .................................................................................................106
9.3.4
Hot topics ..................................................................................................................107
9.4
Pipeline sector ..........................................................................................................107
9.4.1
Background ..............................................................................................................107
9.4.2
Technology trends....................................................................................................108
9.4.3
Natural and CO
2
gas pipelines...............................................................................109
9.4.4
Testing of pipes .........................................................................................................110
9.4.5
Hot topics ..................................................................................................................111
9.4.6
Emerging technologies............................................................................................111
9.5
Pressure equipment sector......................................................................................111
9.5.1
Future of the industry ...............................................................................................112
9.5.2
Residual stress estimates for fitness for service (FFS) .............................................114
9.5.3
Hot topics ..................................................................................................................115
9.6
Automotive sector....................................................................................................116
9.6.1
Industry trends ..........................................................................................................117
9.6.2
Materials development ...........................................................................................119
