| Cover Page | 1 |
| Introduction | 5 |
| References | 6 |
| The Geology of Cobalt–rich Ferromanganese Crusts | 7 |
| Biology Associated with Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts | 14 |
| Environmental Management Considerations | 22 |
| Environmental management objectives | 25 |
| General environmental management approaches and principles | 26 |
| Environmental studies | 29 |
| Defining characteristics of biodiversity of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts | 31 |
| Environmental impacts | 32 |
| The potential extent of impacts | 35 |
| Mitigation and management measures | 36 |
| References | 39 |
| Processes related to the technical development of marine mining | 41 |
| Glossary | 48 |
| Back Page | 50 |