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espiratory illnesses represent one of the more common
reasons for visits to the physician, admission to the
hospital, and forced inactivity among all age groups.
The common cold, although not usually serious, results
in missed work and school days. Pneumonia and influ-
enza are ranked as the eighth leading cause of death
in the United States.
1
Tuberculosis remains one of the
deadliest diseases in the world. In addition to microbial
pathogens, cigarette smoking contributes significantly
to disorders of the respiratory tract, including lung
cancer. The content in this chapter is divided into three
sections: respiratory tract infections, cancer of the lung,
and respiratory disorders in children.
RespiratoryTract Infections
Respiratory tract infections can involve the upper respi-
ratory tract (i.e., nose, oropharynx, and larynx), the
lower respiratory tract (i.e., lower airways and lungs),
or both. The discussion in this section of the chapter
focuses on the common cold, rhinosinusitis, influenza,
pneumonia, tuberculosis, and fungal infections of the
lung. For the most part, the signs and symptoms of
respiratory tract infections depend on the function of
the structure involved, the severity of the infectious
process, and the person’s general health status and age.
Acute respiratory infections in children are discussed in
the last section of the chapter.
Viruses are the most frequent cause of respiratory
tract infections. They can cause infections ranging
from a self-limited cold to life-threatening pneumonia.
Moreover, viral infections can damage the bronchial
epithelium, obstruct airways, and lead to secondary
bacterial infections. Each viral species has its own pat-
tern of respiratory tract involvement. The rhinoviruses
grow best at 33°C and remain strictly confined to the
R
Respiratory
Tract Infections,
Neoplasms,
and Childhood
Disorders
22
C h a p t e r
Respiratory Tract Infections
The Common Cold
Rhinosinusitis
Clinical Features
Influenza
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Influenza Immunization
Pneumonias
Classification
Acute Bacterial (Typical) Pneumonia
Primary Atypical Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Primary Tuberculosis
Secondary Tuberculosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fungal Infections
Types of Infections
Clinical Features
Cancer of the Lung
Types of Lung Cancer
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancers
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Clinical Features
Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Respiratory Disorders in Children
Lung Development
Ventilation in the Neonate
Airway Resistance
Lung Volumes and Gas Exchange
Control of Ventilation
Alterations in Breathing Patterns
Respiratory Disorders in the Neonate
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Respiratory Infections in Children
Upper Airway Infections
Lower Airway Infections
Signs of Impending Respiratory Failure
