C h a p t e r 2 8
Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System
695
R E V I EW E X E R C I S E S
1.
Persons receiving chemotherapeutic agents, which
interfere with the mitosis of cancer cells as well as
the cells of other rapidly proliferating tissues in the
body, often experience disorders such as ulcerations
in the mucosal tissues of the mouth and other parts
of the GI tract. These disorders are resolved once
the chemotherapy treatment has been completed.
A.
Explain.
2.
People with gastroesophageal reflux (movement of
gastric contents into the esophagus) often complain
of heartburn that becomes worse as the pressure in
the stomach increases.
A.
Explain.
B.
Use information on hormonal control of gastric
emptying to explain why eating a meal that
is high in fat content often exaggerates the
problem.
3.
Infections of the GI tract, such as the “GI flu,”
often cause profound diarrhea.
A.
Describe the neural mechanisms involved in
the increase in GI motility that produces the
diarrhea.
B.
Explain the rationale for using a “drink” that
contains both glucose and sodium to treat the
fluid deficit that often occurs with diarrhea.
4.
Explain the physiologic mechanisms associated
with the occurrence of diarrhea in persons with:
A.
Lactase deficiency.
B.
Obstruction of bile flow into the intestine.
C.
Disruption of the normal intestinal flora due to
antibiotic therapy.
5.
Explain why anticholinergic drugs are often
effective in treating the nausea and vomiting that
accompany motion sickness but are relatively
ineffective in treating the nausea and vomiting
associated with chemotherapy agents used in the
treatment of cancer.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Becker DE. Nausea, vomiting, hiccups: a review of mechanisms and
treatment.
Anesth Prog.
2010;57:150–157.
Furness JB. The enteric nervous system and neurogastroenterology.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2012;9(3):286–294.
Hall JE.
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
. 12th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:789–803.
Hargreaves R, Ferreira JC, Hughes D, et al. Development of
aprepitant, the first neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for
prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Ann
N Y Acad Sci.
2011;1222:40–48.
Hayes MR, DeJonghe BC, Kanosk SE. Role of glucagon-like
perptide-1 receptor in control of energy balance.
Physiol Behav.
2010;100(5):503–510.
Koeppen BM, Stanton BA, eds.
Berne and Levy Physiology
. 6th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2010:487–541.
Lindley C. Nausea and vomiting. In: Koda-Kimble MA, Young
LY, Kradian WA, et al., eds.
Applied Therapeutics: The Clinical
Use of Drugs
. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2005:8-1–8-18.
Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR.
Clinically Oriented Anatomy
.
5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 2010:217–263.
O’Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ.
EMBO
Rep.
2006;7:688–693.
Rhoades RA, Bell DR.
Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical
Medicine
. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013:471–535.
Ross MH, Pawlina W.
Histology: A Text and Atlas
. 6th ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2011:568–625.
Sanders KM, Koh SD, Ward M. Interstitial cells of Cajal in the
gastrointestinal tract.
Annu Rev Phys.
2006;68:307–343.
Sherwood L.
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems
. 8th ed.
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole; 2013:581–634.
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