US History

U.S. History Study Guide

United States Admiral Oliver “Hazard” Perry constructed a fleet of ships on Lake Eerie and on September 10, 1813, defeated a British force and established control of the lake. This victory opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada on October and defeat a combined British and Indian force at the Battle of the Thames. The War in the Southwest Andrew Jackson led a force of militia into Alabama in pursuit of the Creek Indians who had massacred American residents at Fort Mims. On March 27, 1814, he crushed the Native American resistance at Horseshoe Bend and then seized the Spanish garrison at Pensacola. British Strategy Changes In 1814, a British force came down Lake Champlain and met defeat at Plattsburgh, New York in September. A British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and sacked and burned Washington, D.C. They then proceeded up the bay toward Baltimore, which was guarded by Fort McHenry. That fort held firm through the British bombardment, inspiring Key’s “Star Spangled Banner.” 8.28 The Battle of New Orleans The biggest British threat came in the port of New Orleans. A huge British invasion force was sent there to close the mouth of the Mississippi River but Andrew Jackson defeated it with a diverse army of frontiersmen, blacks, creoles and pirates. The battle was fought on January 8, 1815. Two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed at the city of Ghent, in Belgium. 8.29 The Treaty of Ghent, Christmas Eve 1814 With the war in Europe ended, the British were eager to end the war and commence trade again. The treaty restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the commencement of hostilities. Due to the labored communication of the age, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States; Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815 two weeks after peace was made. 8.30 The Hartford Convention (1814) On December 15, 1814, the Federalists held a convention in Hartford, Connecticut to discuss ceding from the Union if their demands were not met. After the convention they went to Washington, D.C. to negotiate for their terms. By the time they arrived in February of 1815, news of Andrew Jackson's victory at the Battle of New Orleans and the signing of the Treaty of Ghent hit the public, their presence in the capital became ridiculous and they left. Both the Hartford Convention and Federalist

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