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3 Travis, J., McBride, E. C., & Solomon, A. L. (2005). Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. 4 Wikoff, N., Linhorst, D. M., & Morani, N. (2012). Recidivism among Participants of a Reentry Program for Prisoners Released without Supervision. Social Work Research, 36(4), 289-299. 5 Turner, S., Myers, R., Sexton, L., & Smith, S. (2007). What crime rates tell us about where to focus programs and services for parolees. Criminology and Public Policy, 6, 623–632. 6 Brazzell, D., & La Vigne, N. G. (2009). Prisoner reentry in Houston: Community perspectives. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center. 7 Clear, T. (2007). Imprisoning communities. New York: Oxford University Press. 8 Travis, J. A., & Solomon, A. L. (2001). From prison to home: The dimensions and consequences of prison reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. 9 Lynch, James P, and William L Sabol. Prisoner Reentry in Perspective. vol. 3, Urban Institute Justice Policy Center, 2001, Prisoner Reentry in Perspective. 10 Travis, J. (2005). But they all come back: Facing the challenges of prisoner reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. 11 Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89–113. 12 Tyler, E. T., & Brockmann, B. (2017). Returning Home: Incarceration, Reentry, Stigma and the Perpetuation of Racial and Socioeconomic Health Inequity. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 45(4), 545-557. 13 Ewald, A. C. (2012). Collateral Consequences in the American States*. Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell), 93(1), 211-247. 14 Hunter, B. (2009). Indigenous social exclusion: Insights and challenges for the concept of social inclusion. Family Matters, 82, 52–61. 15 Kubrin, C., & Stewart, E. (2006). Redirecting who reoffends: The neglected role of neighborhood context in recidivism studies. Criminology, 44, 165–197. 16 Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924. 17 Chaney, C. (2011). ‘So My Family Can Survive:’ Prisoner Re-Entry and the Risk and Resilience of Black Families. Journal of African American Studies, 15(1), 95-114. doi:10.1007/s12111-009-9111-8 18 Bülow, W. (2014). The Harms Beyond Imprisonment: Do We Have Special Moral Obligations Towards the Families and Children of Prisoners? Ethical Theory & Moral Practice, 17(4), 775-789. doi:10.1007/s10677-013-9483-7 19 Rose, D. R. & Clear, T. (1998). Incarceration social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology, 36, 441–479. 20 Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774–802. 21 Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603–651.

Educating the community has the potential to prepare

community members to accept and acknowledge the need for funding and services allocated primarily to the formerly incarcerated.

and the community at large. While community residents may have their reservations about their importance during the transition from prison to the community process, it is essential to remember that the willingness of community residents to work with and/or live near offenders is not an option. Persons are being released from prison with and without support every day. In an effort to eradicate the growing concerns about the release of individuals from prison, their return to new or existing communities, and preparedness of community residents, community forums, policy changes and research needs to continue in multiple areas. Enhanced policies that include community educa- tion regarding offender re-entry and community readiness is needed. As suggested by Hardcastle et al., effective reintegration policies for urban, suburban and rural communities are needed to assist in community readi- ness of offender reintegration. Prisoner re-entry can be a very complex issue. Educating community leaders and members is necessary to identify and address the needs and challenges of the formerly incarcerated. Enhanc- ing communities’ knowledge of prisoner re-entry with a strong emphasis on public safety has the ability to bring community stakeholders together. Educating the commu- nity has the potential to prepare community members to accept and acknowledge the need for funding and services allocated primarily to the formerly incarcerated. Endnotes 1 Bazemore, G., & Stinchcomb, J. (2004). A civic engagement model of reentry: Involving community through services and restorative justice. Federal Probation, 68, 14–24. 2 Clear, T., Rose, D. R., & Ryder, J. A. (2001). Incarceration and the community: The problem of removing and returning offenders. Crime and Delinquency, 47, 335–351.

Dr. Vanda Seward is a professor at the CUNY Kingsborough Community College.

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