Deep Sea Minerals - Vol 2 - Manganese Nodules

DEEP SEA MINERALS

1B

Manganese Nodules A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

CONTENTS 1.0 The Geology of Manganese Nodules 1.1 The formation and occurrence of manganese nodules 1.2 Metal concentrations and tonnages 2.0 Biology Associated with Manganese Nodules 2.1 Habitats and biodiversity in manganese nodule regions 2.2 Global geographic context 2.3 Composition of sea-floor communities 3.0 Environmental Management Considerations 3.1 Environmental management objectives 3.2 General Environmental Management Approaches and Principles 3.3 Environmental studies 3.4 Defining Characteristics of Nodule Biodiversity 3.5 Environmental impacts 3.6 The potential extent of impacts 3.7 Mitigation and management measures 4.0 Processes related to the technical development of marine mining 4.1 Exploration 4.2 Mining

7 8 13 19 20 22 23 27 29 30 33 34 35 38 39 43 45 48

MANGANESE NODULES 3