Policy & Practice October 2018

More information and several reports and issue briefs about the topics described in this article are available at http://bit.ly/2P3ueQV and http://bit.ly/2DR1TMN. Note: This work was funded by the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation at the Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services with a contract awarded to Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Contract number: HHSP23320095642WC. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, the Administration for Children and Families, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reference Notes 1. Burnette, J.L., O’Boyle, E.H., VanEpps, E.M., Pollack, J.M., & Finkel, E.J. (2013). Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation. Psychological Bulletin , 139(3), 655. 2. Bandura, A. (1988). Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. In V. Hamilton, G.H. Bower, & N.H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation . Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Bandura, A. (1991) Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50(2), 248–287. Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. atypical development. In U. Goswami (Ed.) Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. doi: 10.1002/9780470996652.ch20. 4. Zelazo, P., Carter, A., J. Reznick, J. & Frye, D. (1997). Early development of executive function: A problem-solving framework. Review of General Psychology , 1(2), 198–226. 5. Flavell, J. (1979). Metacognition and American Psychologist , 34(10), 906–911. Achtziger, A., Martiny, S., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. (2012). Metacognitive processes in the self-regulation of goal pursuit. In P. Briñol & K. DeMarree cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry. Psychological Inquiry , 11(4), 227–268. Latham, G.P., & Locke, E.A. (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50(2), 212–247. 3. Zelazo, P.D., & Müller, U. (2002). Executive function in typical and

(Eds.) Social Metacognition. New York: Psychology Press. 6. Izard, C.E. (2013). Human Emotions. Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. 7. Locke, E.A. (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3(2), 157–189. 8. Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007) Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92, 1087–1101. 9. Bryanton, J., Gagnon, A.J., Hatem, M., & Johnston, C. (2008). Predictors of early parenting self-efficacy: Results of a prospective cohort study. Nursing Research, 57(4), 252–259. Schunk, D.H., Pintrich, P.R., & Meece, J.L. (2008). Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology , 57(s1), 152–171. Bandura, A. (2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management , 8(1), 9–44. 10. Baumeister, R.F., DeWall, C.N., Vohs, K.D., & Alquist, J.L. (2010). Does emotion cause behavior (apart frommaking people do stupid, destructive things)? In C. Agnew, D. Carlston, W. Graziano, & J. Kelly (Eds.). Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research. New York: Oxford University Press. Jones, S.M., Bailey, R. Barnes, S.P. & Partee, A. ( 2016). Executive function mapping project: Untangling the terms and skills related to executive function and self-regulation in early childhood. OPRE report no. 2016-88. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation. Vohs, K., and R. Baumeister. Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications. NewYork: Guilford Press, 2011. 11. Bandura, A. (1988). Self-regulation of motivation and action through goal systems. In V. Hamilton, G.H. Bower, & N.H. Frijda (Eds.). Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. 12. Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. (2001). Goal setting and goal striving. In A. Tesser & N. Schwarz (Eds.). Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intraindividual Processes. Oxford: Blackwell. Schunk, D.H. (2001). Self-regulation through goal setting. Greensboro, NC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services, University of North Carolina. 13. Elliott, E.S., & Dweck, C.S. (1988) Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 54(1), 5–12. Zelazo, P., Carter, A., Reznick, J., & Frye, D. (1997). Early development of executive function: A problem-solving framework. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 198–226. Pavetti, L. (2015, February). A new frontier for workforce and other human service programs that aim to build adult capabilities. Presented at the Using Executive Skills Concepts and Principles to Help TANF Recipients Achieve Their Goals Conference. Washington, DC. 14. Belsky, J., & de Haan, M. (2011). Annual research review: Parenting and children’s brain development: The end of the beginning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 52(4), 409–428. Blair, C., & Raver, C. (2012). Child development in the context of adversity: Experiential canalization of brain and behavior. American Psychologist , 67, 309–318. McLaughlin, K.A., Sheridan, M.A., & Lambert, H.K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews , 47, 578–591. 15. Evans, G., & Schamberg, M. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 106(16), 6545–6549. 16. Evans, K., & Kim, P. (2013). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, self-regulation, and coping. Child Development Perspectives , 7(1), 43–48. Nakagawa, T., Gondo, Y., Ishioka, Y., & Masui, Y. (2017). Age, emotion regulation, and affect in adulthood: The mediating role of cognitive reappraisal. Japanese Psychological Research , 59(4), 301–308. 17. Muraven, M., & R. Baumeister, R. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin , 126(2), 247–259.

Latham, G.P., & Locke, E.A. (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50(2), 212–247.

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