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Chapter 1: Neural Sciences

R eferences Delezie J, Challet E. Interactions between metabolism and circadian clocks: Reciprocal disturbances. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2011;1243:30. Dridi D, Zouiten A, Mansour HB. Depression: chronophysiology and chronother- apy. Biol Rhyth Res . 2014;45:77–91. Eckel-Mahan K, Sassone-Corsi P. Metabolism and the circadian clock converge. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):107. Glickman G, Webb IC, Elliott JA, Baltazar RM, Reale ME, Lehman MN, Gorman MR. Photic sensitivity for circadian response to light varies with photoperiod. J Biol Rhythms. 2012;27(4):308. Gonnissen HK, Rutters F, Mazuy C, Martens EA, AdamTC, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Effect of a phase advance and phase delay of the 24-h cycle on energy metabolism, appetite, and related hormones. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:689. Lanzani MF, de Zavalía N, Fontana H, Sarmiento MI, Golombek D, Rosenstein RE. Alterations of locomotor activity rhythm and sleep parameters in patients with advanced glaucoma. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(7):911. Loddenkemper T, Lockley SW, Kaleyias J, Kothare SV. Chronobiology of epi- lepsy: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of chrono-epileptology. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28:146. Provencio I. Chronobiology. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, eds. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9 th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009:198. Shafer SL, Lemmer B, Boselli E, Boiste F, Bouvet L, Allaouchiche B, Chassard D. Pitfalls in chronobiology: A suggested analysis using intrathecal bupivacaine analgesia as an example. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(4):980. Wehrens SM, Hampton SM, Kerkhofs M, Skene DJ. Mood, alertness, and per- formance in response to sleep deprivation and recovery sleep in experienced shiftworkers versus non-shiftworkers. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(5):537.

tolerability in rodents over the course of the day. Much of this difference is attributed to circadian variations in the body’s ability to absorb, distribute, metabolize, and eliminate toxic compounds. These four processes are affected by underlying circadian rhythms in physiological processes such as daily variations in gastric pH, gastrointestinal mobility, glomerular filtration rate, and membrane viscosity. The rhythmic intake of food during traditionally timed meals also influences how ther- apeutic drugs are handled by the body. It is becoming clear that to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity of drugs, the circa- dian phase of administration must be considered. Appropriate circadian timing of the administration of multiple drugs can be a daunting challenge to infirmed individuals or their caretakers. The development of small implanted programmable pumps that can be directed to administer anticancer drugs or other thera- peutics at particular times of day may provide a limited solution to this challenge. The emergence of the field of chronotherapy is a reflection of our increased understanding of the impact of the circadian system on the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments.