3rd ICAI 2024

International Conference on Automotive Industry 2024

Mladá Boleslav, Czech Republic

bus were necessary. The analyzes also included the bus manufacturing stage with all processes performed at assembly facilities; welding, bonding, painting and main assembly. LCI includes all energy use and extra materials and chemicals for welding, bonding, painting, and the main assembly of the bus. Disposal of waste generated in this stage is also accounted for (Solaris_Sustainability Report 2020). The analyses also took into account the production and use of lithium-ion batteries that are installed in city transport vehicles. Solaris energy consumption methodology is based on developed mathematical model for buses with electric powertrain. Statistical average energy consumption of the Urbino 18 electric bus is 1.88 kWh/km. The maintenance stage accounts for all the spare parts that need periodic replacement in the whole buses lifetime. This can include, fluids, air and oil filters, batteries etc (Solaris_Sustainability Report 2020). LCA was performed using the Simapro software and the Ecoinvent database with CML life cycle environmental impact method. The results of the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of the vehicle have been calculated, as well as the consumption of natural resources and waste management, according to the requirements set out in the PCR for public and private buses and coaches. Chosen impact category – carbon footprint of the bus was shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Carbon footprint of chosen electric bus

Source: own study based on Environmental Product Declaration for Solaris Urbino 18 electric bus As shown in the Figure 3, the highest greenhouse gas emissions are at the downstream stage which is related with the use of the bus. Electricity is used to charge the batteries in the bus. This EPD concerns an electric bus used in Poland, where the source of electricity is mostly coal. According to the data of the global environmental declaration program – The International EPD® System (http://www.environdec.com/), so far EPDs have been developed, among others, for public transport operators like buses: MAN Lion’s City 18 E is the MAN battery electric city bus, MAN CNG – city bus, MAN Lion’s City 12 E – battery electric city bus, MAN Lion’s City 12 C Efficient Hybrid- diesel city bus

24