Patrick, Traditional Egyptian Christianity 1996

Animated publication

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Fisher Pa k Pres

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

turies.

:a

III

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHHISTIANITY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 111

• • • • • • •• V11

1

3

5

.................. 51

",,,up, 6

7

9

. . . . . . . . . . .. 1

v

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYJYrIAN

....... 1

11

II

............ 2

\;11

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies Cl IRISTIANITY

ronment.

us reVIew

IX

VIlI

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

INTHODlXl'ION

TRADITIONAL

CIIRISTIANITY

glOll.

XI

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

'l'RADITIONAI,

INTRODUCTION

refers the last stage

letters from Demotic

or for the time

became

from most Eastern and all \"1 estern churches.

Christian f;uuilies are called

" unless

eonveli to

term. "For the

on V York:

I am trans. S.

in Alexandria and Tcherikover, Hellenistic CiliJization and tile Part II. "'l'cherikover, pp. p.286. 281.

Xl!

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

1

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CIlHIS'r1A)'.; I'IT THE FmST CHlUSTIAl\S EGYPT

2

3

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE FIRST CHRISTIANS IN EGYPT

CHRISTIANITY

TRADITIONAL

5

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIA;-.JITY

FIRST CHIUSTIANS IN EGYPT

7

6

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY

THE FmST CHRISTIANS IN EGYPT

9

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

EGYPT

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

p.

"

p.18.

" JI1 The Roots

JI1

ed.J. R.

cited.

T11e Letters

of

'n::lf'l,:m." Le

Reactions to bflOSl1ClSm and

trans. and eeL R. A. Kraft et

" Diss.

and a

p.16.

Fortress

111

1

lO

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

2~IIl Gnechische

p.24.

Mark

Harvard

313

1

12

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FOUNDATIONS FOR

'i'RADITIONAL ECYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

agam.

L5

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIA;\/ CHRISTIANITY FOUNDATIONS FaH

16

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

FOR LEADERSHIP

19

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

FOR LEADERSHIP

21

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYI'TIAN CHRISTIANITY

FOUNDKHONS FOR LEADERSHIP

trans. A. C.

in Eusehius: Church

V,

alia

1 of Nicene and P081-Nicene Fatlleni of Ihe C'hrisLian

2nd

York: Charles Scribner's

Church

Chadwick has done a masterful translation and commentary on this Celsum U niv.

,mel

'The consensus is

before

1, trans. in

their number to be

Illustrious Men el

VoL ()

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian

ser., ed. H. \Vace and P. SchaU'

York: Chm'les Scribner's

" Revue des of Antioch and

WAnnie!\.

pp. i35-56.

p,86.

"H. I.

Cults and Creeds in Greco-Roman

Univ.

llcyclOjJeala, 1991.

1l(,}'clO'pe."1Ja, 1991. of" 1ll n,,,m TraditioI1 and Ihe

'''So

ari,'lles,

of

show

as a model monk who

ers.

'\Verner

HU.LJLll~\.}U, pp. 119-121.

p. 87. The first 75 pages of this book have 'C~ll'U.ILCl Two.

pp.2-4.

'''Church 2°Clmrch

York:

111

Church

40.

'Stromata I, 11, trans.

in Fathers of the Second

J. Donaldson

ed.

Roberts

Nicene

Church

and 18:7.

pp.

22

p. II.

22

2[3

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYIYrIAN CHHISTJANrIY

2'Chllrch 2"Chllrch 2"Church 27Cl1l1Tch

13:7. pp.2 /1-26. p. 1. p.41.

cd. B.

Leltel:, of St.

58-59.

1

25

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY ECUMENICAL LEADERSHIP

26

27

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

ECUMENICAL LEADERSHIP

28

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHHISTIANITY

ECUMENICAL LI'~,\DERSHIP

30

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

ECIJMENICAL LEADERSHIP

32

33

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHRISTIi\r\ITY

TRADrnONAL

ECUMENICAL LEADERSHIP

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

LEADERSHIP

TRADITIONAl, EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

"La Christianisation de

aux 4eme-(5eme

68

il7-Hi5.

resistance au Christianisl11e

sie-

51

72-73.

R. A.

usefill outline of this controversy is f(mnd

The

Fortress

HUUUL'IHHU.

Arianism:

the exhaustive

conduct in D. \VA-I. Indiana:

York: Oxford Univ.

p.

"Incarnalioll of tlle

trans.

Vol. 4 of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fat.hers of the Christian

and

York: Charles Scribner's

1

p.65.

ed. H. \Vace and P. Schaff

monasteries and churches The Churches and A1ol1

111 'Y,r'wn"r" I

the Christians

these sources for Monastic Tradition and tlle p. 191.

"The Earliest fUr Antike und

lief. d"'""J.'L"~,

these works are found in of the ('hristiall ner's

12See \V. H. C. Frend in "The I

36

37

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies AND COPTIC

1

1

39

38

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CorrrIC

'fRADlTIONAL EGYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

lrre-

40

41

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies NATIONAL AND COJYrIC

42

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

"l'RADITIONAI, EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

AND COPTIC

45

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

NATIONAL

TRADITIONAL

COJYrIC

46

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN

CCWI1C

ed. B.

of dIe Patriarchs has almost

about him.

The Rise

809.

p. 809.

J11C Rise

and human in

the

'HPCC 1,

"The Mission to Nubia: an <4,'''''''''-' 111 from Tral'<1ux du Ccntrc Vol. 1 0-16.

p. 830.

min HPCC

anti-

pp.

to

III and IV.

Besa

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN

York: Columbia

R.

]'hc

193

p. 21. 19HPCC 1, It72.

note 6.

p.82.

2.

p.27.

p. p.

and see p. 140.

p.64. p. 14K

p. 21.

"-,"'",,'1111'

3 4 HPCC 1, ,t77-478. 35HPCC 1, 478-,t79. p.36.

~~ ..,.,I", in HPCC 1, '10'1-/100,

the author dismisses this massacre as

38HPCC 1,

;lln'CloiDcdl,L 1991.

ill HPCC 1, 4.92. "HPCC i2HPCC 1,497. 43HPCC 1,498.

most prosperous

most

to

51

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY FIRST CENTURIES

52

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY THE ARAB

55

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FIHST C~:NTURn~<; AlTER THE ARAB

TRADITIONAL ECYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

57

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAl\ CHHISTIANITY

FIRST CENTUHIES AFTEH THE ARAB

58

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FIRST CENTURIES AFTER THE ARAB '-''-n''Jl)jC~'

TRADITIOl\:AL

CHRISTIANITY

60

61

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FIRST

CHRISTIANITY

'rRADI'l'IONAL

62

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Fms'I' CENTlJIUES AFI'ER THE

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

65

64

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FIHST CENTCRlES AlTER THE

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN

G(j

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FIRST CENTUH[J<~<; AFTER THE AR/,B

TR1\D1TIONAL EGYPTIAN

The Arab

YeaI:s of the Roman LJ()I111I1l0n,

1

pp.

in his A

ill the

Patriarche"

Procile-

York: Columbia Uni".

also see

,md

p.57.

Social Isolation of the O. Komlos

p.26.

p.66.

p.56.

cd. B.

ed. It

p.160.

of the Patriarchs of the 1',!!lil}l./i1l1 O. H. E. KHS-Burmester

III sec HPCC 5, 10-21. 5, 21-26. The "",aU."H is from p. 25. 69

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

FmsT CENT! nm:s

THE ARAB

THADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

of the Patriarchs

In

Vol. 10 of r;IITrl"n()7:1

It H. Charles

2'See 11le

but also

to the

Muslim

Princeton Univ.

Nubia: Corridor to Aljjca

"'W.

454.

21i HPCC 5, 49-52.

:'DS am I. ''';H<;I1~.

Islamization

1991.

72.

",,,.'''''U~, p. 260.

p.27.

received from Maurice

1992.

to

"'IT M.

"The Conversion of

p.

"p. 184.

and

:WHPCC 5,51. :JIHPCC

!'''His story is found in HPEC 2, 1-8. Here and

othervvise

translation used is found

except that Arabic transliterations ,md

pp.76-77.

',W'HL~L~ arc omitted. !"His story is in HPEC2, 3-18. SBHPEC2,107.

:wrhe tll e Poll '1 ilX in

27.

59 HPEC 2, 184 ,j('HPEC8,

""W. p. :l7Can be found in Abu

4,55-56.

The Churches ,U1el ]'v[onasteries

trans. 13. Evetts and A. J. Butler

Bullictt

one third the convcrsions took

Clarendon

in COlJllersioI1 isiiU11 in the Medieval Period M. Brctt claims t11at Christians remained "a 'n~'''''CH''

pp. 267-268.

p.19.

of Islam in

M. Brett

:l!lButler, p.

"'HPCC 88-215.

vVorld hom ClassiCill to JV[odem Bosworth LHC,LU.YH. Darwin

see, e.g., the

this tenrnlIl01 1 [)gy

I"HPCC5, l(i-l i:lHPCC5,172.

o!HPE;C2, 151-168

257-260. is found in HPEC 2, 8-99.

and

" in The Central islamic Lands ii"om Pre-I~lamic

Vol. 1 of The

ed. P. M. p. 176.

'''HPE;C2, 1-32 and 4.0-41. is found ill HPE;C 6HHPEC 117. p. a8. '°J[PEC 11

is found in HPCC

15.

iSHis h,r'OT"n!"",

ioD.

in 'ille CentTal Islcullic Lands irom

~U"I'U«'~ "

1 of l11e

pp. 1

islamic Times to the FiI:~t vVorld 2il.

70

71

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHRISTIANITY

TRADITIONAL

1991.

Khalil

Abu Ishak ibn

H/'/'vU'«,

71

72f[PEC2,121-122. "'f[PEC 2, 122-124. 7lKhalil

J 991

al-Israili

J',Il.cYC.10TJCW<1,

72

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THADITIONAL

THE CHURCH

FATIMID

AYYUBID EGYPT

re(::Oluuze'Cl no

74

75

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies THE CHURCH

FATIMID AND A)'YUBID EGYPT

76

77

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADfrIONAL EGYPTIAN

THE CHURCH IN Ef\.TIMID AND AYYUBID EGYPT'

78

79

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE CHURCH IN

EGypr

TRADITIONAL EGYI'rIAN CHRISTIANITY

80

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY CHURCH FATIMID

AYYUBID EGYPT

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL ECYIYrIAN CHRISTIll.l"lITY

Tm:CHURCH

EGYPT

85

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY THE CHURCH IN FATIMID

EGYPT

86

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

'I'm: CHURCH IN

CHRISTIANITY

EGYPT

F. I'HP1£ "HPEC2,157.

1991.

and 174.

Abu al-Fadl lsa ibn

lIHPEC2,170-17l.

I;Khalil

al-Fath ibn Sahl

found in HPEC 2, 74,-228.

l"IIis story

another

was to be consoled with the next open

18 [JPEC 2, 183-1 "'HPEC2, 180. ~l)HPEC 2, 199-200.

Documents from the Fatimid

15-22.

"Fatimids

1991

VU{JJ)CUld.

~IHPEC 2,229-231.

found in HPJ.<;C

2. 1 Rccounled in HPEC 2,245-821.

~1;HPEC2,

2'These are summarizcd in HPEC 2, of

L,(VI Patriarch of n."C''',""

in I.e Mllse,:)J},

ofthe Patriarchs ofthe

The de la societe

2RHPEC

268-27il.

Cl1c:o!()gle copte, 194,1 et

2'The story is ill HP1';C 2, 16-BI7. den

:JHPEC

lcll(yC1 1 C)PC(Jl

d'Alex;U1drie: Recension

et vul-

pp. 2il-24 for a sum-

5 B5-1S0. "HPEC 2, 135-136. HPEC

of his conclusions.

279 and 2,242-2;14.

7 HPEC 2, 1 6.

l1Cllk!l1U'111. SCI'. il, Vol. 7, cd. 1"

arabischcIl Litera/ur

story found in HPEC 2, 150-174.

88

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY THE CHURCH IN

A)'YUBID EG'WI'

'i!Subhi Labib in

52 (

1991.

153. p. 14.9. [i'IJPEC 97-166.

1991.

:l7Andre

"Fatimids ,mci the

" in 111e CentTal Islamic L

3"B.

COlTicior to Africa t'nnC(~tolll: Princeton Univ.

ed. P. M.

of The

[0 the First. World

p.189.

S.

and B. Lewis HPEC2,

(j!'HPEC

165.

is found in HPEC

"'His

166-168 and 183-20a.

IlCVC}Ol')efilCl. 1991.

l(ISubhi

"Badr

Ii" IJPEC 205-225.

found in HPEC 2,321-370.

"His story

from ms. arabe

12HPEC

of tile Patriarchs ofthe ~~...", FU'"

verso to a55 recto, as

Publications de la societe

~lHPEC2, 331 "HPEC 2, 365. H. E.

60.

7!HPEC4, 72HPEC

cd. and trans., "The Canons of

276-279 and 284.

" Le MuseoIl, 40

245-288.

7:JI.etter li'om Maurice

9

1992.

'''HPEC2,346.

Maurice

1992.

1991.

1991.

IllHis story is in HPEC 'YHPEC 2, 399. 5°HPEC2,

1991.

'VUlCUJd.

1991.

1991.

fh)lll p.

found in HPEC

5'Macanus'story

1-39. The quot,lUc,n

"'Khalil S,unir, Al-Safi ibn

HPEC 3, 22.

52

1991.

'UL'CW'rl.

the 'luucaHV.'"

"!Vincent

uru.""'" aI-Rashid ibn al-

"Fatimids and the 59-66.

ibn al-' Amid

J!.,I1CVC'lOI;'Cajra. 1991.

[,(jHPEC 3,67. 57"111e Churches and lvfonastcrics of

B'Aziz

"al-As'ad Abu

Hibat Allah ibn

,mel trans. 13.

Clarendon

['8I-IPJi,C :3, 6G-69 and 5"Vincent

ibn

'111e Arahs in

91

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

SURVIVING MAMUJK RULE

1517

93

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

T'HADITIONAL

CHRISTIANITY

MAMLUK RULE

95

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL ECYPrIAN

MAMLUK RULE

96

97

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY

SURVIVING MAMLUK RULE

99

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANIT'{ SUHVIVING

RULE

101

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL

SURVIVING

RULE

\ve luean

'David Samuel

""''''''",L'' et al. in

.H.

The Rise of tbe West

'-'UA~U6'" Univ. of

"Le charactere colonial de l'e–

note

to

g

rapports avec la Horde

of how M

secured and

L

ciu

pp. 226-228. 1250-1.900

ralesune, and

tax revenues in money or in kind from a

of land

R"the

other revenue source for a limited

in return for administrative or

service.

Tl1e

M;unluk Sultanate 12.50-1382

The Middle East in the Middle

an)Ollmue: Southern Illinois Univ.

1.

The Arabs: i1 Short

5th rev. cd. rnlllCe[()u: Plinceton Univ.

238.

and tJle other information in this of

UVLUU,UU

I

Nubia: Corridor to A111'ca

509. Conversion to Islam under the Bahr!

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African

39

R.

p.

"a

calls M,mlluk

of

102

103

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

'fHADITIONAL

RULE

Ishunic culture."

Noah's

arabe }a COIl(JUCi'C

eeL G.

de 1a nation PO'UnTI"'",,,

"Notes 011 A,nti-Christian

p.195.

the

Bulletill ofthe School of Olien/a} and AJiicall

"Abu Shakir ibn

1991.

1991.

1991.

Conversion to

" pp. 567-569.

2"S.

1991.

"Christian and "The 'Protected n·"",,,·,

"Christian

"p.18.

The Churches and lVfon

and A. J. Butler "JAW'Hl.

CountIies ed. and trans. B.

Church: Known

rNVIJllrtfl

ed. ,md trans. A.

"Christian and E,sais sur les doctrines socialcs et IJUHWlIWC,>

Societe

235-271.

JJCTCiO]JCCiJra, 1991.

:'''[{PEC 3, 249.

2,

51 HPEC 3, 252. 5"IIPEC "'HPEC 3, 268. "IIPEC 3, I. ';"'1 'he tTaditions about

"p.219.

lV[us/im

73

under the HUUU"U'.","

nLHI'i''I''

aoC. Princeton

'111e Ci\'111~1Il Liite of Cairo in the Later Aliddle 198 p.273.

:lIAl-As'ad Sharar al-Din Hibat wgal1lzlrlg the tax system. See S.

ibn Sa'id al-Fa'izi. He had become famous "Athanasius 1991.

are summ

of the

(Cairo: Middle East Council of

pp. 4,39-445.

of tlle sentence are from

p.

p.274. pp.81-82.

d51llC

2,19.

All Introduction

l(Jil'(l(llIIliLIl:

:)';Lincia S. Suit

L~Jamic

work in i\rabic entitled ale Muhmnmad ibn Abdir-Rahm

in Late Medieval

104

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

61 HPEC 3, 274. G2HPEC

272-27't. and

1517 1

100

lW

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL ECYPTIAI'\

EMPIRE

09

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRA.DITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

UNDER THE OTroMAN EMPIRE

11

10

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADlTIOI\AL EGYPTIAN CHHISTlr\NITY

13

112

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

UNDEH THE OrfOMAN EMPIRE

mamcluks du XFfeme au XFlIIeme sit~- ed. Hanotaux

115

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANrlY THE

Book of tile Precious Pe;u1.

p. B7.

and the Fertile GJ:escent 1516-1.922

Univ.

Church: Knmm as the cd. and trans. A. Khatcr and O. H. I p. '274.

1I1

visitors were Fr. Marc de

27HPEC

289-292. The

p.

2~HPEC

"Contribution a elu " Swdia OrientaIia CIllistianii colleeleana No.5, an

"P. J.

pp. 16'2-IG8. The

D

translation is found in

Univ. of California .t1ncie11l and l\1odem

p. The 1'11'<1,IILl.",

82 HPEC '29'2-'295.

Princeton Univ.

1517-1

I"The 1675 Latin is in the Bodleian

al-balael" and recounL'i i\li

the

of the

Sadleir, The

lished

p. ~l2. p. 81

tlle Turk

:<7 HPEC

295-2D8.

1 and not seen a French

the Years 1

d'llIexilndrie [ol1dce fHU' S. 1'vlarc que nou" o.f/f/<','V"'" ecrite all Caire 111cme ell 1672 et 1673

uenermn, p. 81. 81

1,187-190.

E'HPEC3, 2°HPEC 21HPEC

translators'

281-284.

pp.

22HPEC 3,282.

p.88.

Rome

p.

117

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHRISTIANITY

THE

TRADITIOl\AL

CENTURY

122

123

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

TRADITIONAL EUYIYrIAN CHRISTIAKITY

125

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY THE

CENTURY

126

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Tm: NINETHNrH CENTURY

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

131

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRAnrrrONAL ECYJYI'IAN CHRISTIANITY

THE N IKETEENTH

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies ECYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

'1 'm: N INI'~n:ENTH CENTURY

111C

8rd eeL \HcUUiUU'

p.

ofdle Khater and

Sanirus ibn al-1Hukal1i/

H. E. KHS-Burmester p.

copte,

p.299.

The

of/hc

Middle East Council of

LjllCVCj()[)leflj1a, 1991.

The Founder of A10dem

'J'YUlfVLllL

from his

lUi IL,anlnn(l!'!e:

2,

pp. 82-85.

T.

pp.

: "the army became an

part of the national movement and ,U1

within a self:contained nalion,"

nw",u'u" pp. li7-G9. p.48. p,

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN

5

"'Habib '''The

"HPEC 304-308. "The story and the "HPEC 307-308. ZGO.F.

105. p.

HPEC 3, p.

are found

also

and the rest the

and Life

Chn'sti;w

p.

p. 17.

011 HPEC 309-310.

C. M. S. Missions

she also blames British and French

She states

he had

'>U"I"'uv,,,,.

e.g.,

Church

p.20.

and Suri;w NlissioIl8 \A~'."H.H"

'YThc

pp.37-38.

182.

cf. also

pp. 66-67.

for December

Social Evolution of Gliro A.. D. 642-18.50

of

York:

p.41.

HPEC

0-312.

found

pp.2,1.7-275.

russes en

p. 20.

'Av,.u",.uU'o,

trans. L. O. Schuman \.I...";1"'CII; E. .r.

'111C Education of Saliuna

pp. 509-510. She calls this

''''Habib

pp.14.-15.

recounted.

with

p. C1111stian Researches 1I1 tilt; NledileIT

VisiOI1

Furtherance ofthe

pp. 59-6 and 72-73.

p.91.

G'HPEC 3,312.

pp. 247-275. pp. 737-739.

G7 HPEC 3, 312 and 321.

Bulletin de la

ami

Butrus Chali and

" Middle

it

pp. "'His career until I

in the late nineteenth century than one

up in HPI,,'C 3,312-322.

136

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHHISTIANITY

71HPl~C

p. 109.

pp.

Communal

p.

"Prime Minister

of the

a

p. 263. "The Political Situation

7RD. Christians and Braude and B.

] 1w FunctioI1

Ottomall

] 11C timbic

Lands

p.192.

Nliddle Eastern

"Intellectual CurrenL'i in

"'Salama

267.

but it

gO HPEC 3, il23-324. The translation is awkward and

, 2 vols.

lHodel1l

also M.

FouI1dcn of Modem

pp. 73 and 114.

rest of the

outlines tl1e situation

82 HPEC 325-326.

Church as of 1894.

teries

dioceses of the

1:-38

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

, I

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

HI

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIAN!'I,

Tm: TWENTII~I'H CENTURY, I

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY THE ]\'VENTlETH

I

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE TvVE~TIETH CENTVRY, I

Cl'RADITIONA!,

succeSSIve

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAl, EGYIYrIAN CHRISTIANITY

, I

THE TWENTIETH

re-

148

149

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY THE

, I

150

151

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADrI'IONAL EGYPTIAN CHRIS'rIANITY

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, I

152

153

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE

'1 'RADI'!'!ONAL

155

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

I

TRM)JTIONAI,

CHRISTIANITY

THE'1\VENTIETH

157

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THE 'I\vENTIETH

Cl'UADITIONAI,

CHRISTIANITY

'111e [\;fallners and Customs of the l'vIofiem

Scottish pp.

Church and Social

" International

1957 cd.

2,184.

the and anllotated

ofdlC PalriiuTi18 O[dlC

pp. 656-657.

Cilllrch

S;zwil1ls ibn al-MukafTa

H. E. KHS-Burmester conclusion of our Ufe Ibrahim.

Collectioll of K. Mikhail

k/osiems Ilnder British Control: OIl the 1.911,

3nl cd.

Univ.

The FormatioIl of a Nation-Stale

267-268.

2

" IHiddle Eastcm

1M-135. " pages 68 et seq., and 7. p.2G8. " Thc CC>Ilti~m[J()raIY

"Lc renouveau copte, under BIitish

Political Situation

J-Iohnes and

'''The nVVd~.CHHl"

pp. 204-205. p.207. p.

was IVlarkus Simaika.

"The Educational Problem in

ill Relation

57

651-658.

Church

p.12.

p.14. pp.

and 6.

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

, I

THE

o. ~u,,''''''''

in the Darkness: Life 5 4,7-52.

the

1,.

p. for her filther. et communaute co pte dans !'Is!am ('m"n,,,'" the

in December of 1

111 Proche-Orient

011 the

from

of TOll101TOW

an

see

D.C.: American Council of Learned

'tU".lUU~, pp. 312-313. p.41. p.529.

and Practice since 2.

Gershoni and "The

"'lVI. B. 59-77. "I. Habib

Middle

p. 1. an interview in

of the

The

Middle East

December of 1989 at Saint Macarius' monastery.

p. 527.

" pp. IBB-140 and

under British

pp. 292 and 318. p. p. 3511.

Modem

pp. 65 and

York:

"p.272.

tt"Intellectual Currents in

book 011

and ao.

of California

Education ofSalama

p.280.

of

p.75. B41-B42.

"Gershoni

p. 155.

p.5a.

pp. B55-371, where there is a

sketch of

up to the 1952 Revolution.

New

p.

The

p.57.

p. G3.

National

25.

74

7

translation in I'.1iddJe

:;"Habib

pp.

160

161

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN

pp.

LC5 C'hrCticllS "",,,,"u·n Centre d'ctude el de documentatioll i'f'fHlfHn,fl

pp.

pp. 421-422.

163

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY TWl,:NTIETH II

165

Hi4

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

II

CHlUSTIANITY

'I'RADn'IONAL

l67

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHRISTIANITY

TRADITIONAL

II

168

169

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CEi\:TUHY, II

170

171

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

II

TRADITIONAl,

172

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY ]\VENTIETH ,II

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY' TWEN'I'IKIH II

178

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

II

TWENTIETH

TRADITIO;:-.JAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIA;:-.JITY

Middle East, 51, 19-22.

The Univ. Center

The Formation o[ a Nation Stale

IMaurice P.

Christian van

Church

" Proche-Orient

communaute copte

127.

p. [67.

and the rest of this n:;I1I-:;,,,r:;n,h

are drawn from

d1is account of Christian

5

2'''Blessed Be

III

pp.43-44. account of the uaHd'~"ID and process is found in is from page 139. pp.140-141.

p.435.

p.

cntre l' ordlOdoxie et

clites

u,o"u,;u\..

8

iH.-lVl.

137.

"Le renouveau copte,"

Oriens

pp. 392-398.

Proche-Orient

398 and 395.

Il1

299-{lO 1.

p.27.

delivered to the

Ord10dox

lVfiddle Eastem

"The

in Modem

6 (l

103-105.

on

both

50.

p.297.

for 20

Middle East News

Church in

ISH. H.

Ie christianisme en

pp.

and

c.

Proche-Orient

418.

ild'~-ilm): and see M. P. Martin et " pp. 250-252.

wProcile-Orient

A Short

p. 126.

Univ.

180

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TWENTIETH

"Al>d al-Mollcin Said

Samaan and

(I

}WllSlim-Chrislian Conflicls:

,md B. 1,. K.

Colo.: vVcstvicw

'''''H''",'', pp. 263-27G. p.

its Transformation in the Course Muslim 75

p. 265.

Handbook: IHember Churches

.JU'lH!'Ul,

of Sharia Laws in

pp. 10-14.

pp.4-6. p. 167.

'VUllWl.38

"

al-Damallhuri ' Univ. of California el

39

(is Proche-Orient

324.

'~"'H>J'''-'I and Pharaoh: JVluslil1l E,tremism in and d. also H.

Ii"N. E.

"Islam v. Sccularism in Cairo: An Account of the Dar al-Hilman

Debate," Nliddle Eastel11

25

208-2

y.

and Social

Rural

p. 185.

tr,ms. Ann

Tavistock

Life among the Poor in p.li7.

A~'H""b \L.,jAH ,,}l,I.

IHonks ,mel IHoIl

The Arab Pre(JjcameIll: Arab Political

Church p. 68.

Univ.

"The Chimera of Education

"w,ue,,,.>," Jvliddle Eastern

and

1,U,Ull,L1~lH, Dead

18B

182

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CIIRISTIANITY

in Relation to

'''''Intellectual

" lVliddlc Eastern

2

pp. 150-152. Shenouda III et

1991.

257.

3D

visit is clesClibed ill Proche-Orienl

and sacraments, see O. H. E.

about

The l."J!V/Jllilil or Her Riles and Ceremonies Ohserved in t11e Administration ofHer Sacraments Church: A Detailed

column-or both "t\rabic and

see the useful volume which has t11e Orthodox Book

llunnester, cd. and trans., Text limn a lVlcdieva!'V"ITII,

and Centro Francesc

"Le5 nouveaux courants," p. 25(3.

8'M. P. Martin et

1I1 Ccm/,::;mpo'rall'

p.6.

:326-:327.

9{) Proclie-Orient

185

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHHISTIANITY

TRADITIONAl,

187

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

j'\1onastenes Eel. with added notes 1895. The New

""""",n. T. Fisher

1Il Rl1ral

Princeton: Princeton

to

York:

;mel Eastem

189

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIA~ITY BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Doctrines of the Abu

Ordwdox Book of Hours Los 1982.

ibn al-Rahib.

. l·libat Allah ibn al-'Assal."

- - - - -. "al-As'ad Abu

cd. and trans. Isaac the

1985.

](alamlill. Wamullstcr,

"

EI1ICYClOTJI(XLra. 199L

Alexandrina: of[erls all P. Claude Mondesert. Pans: .L""lltHn,,,

1991.

d'Alexilndrie.

Ind.: Iudiana

- - - - - - -. '111e Crusade in the Later jVliddle

1938.

-. "Makir, ibn al-'Amid al-.

1991.

du mameiouk.

Israel

Islamic Lands

Boston: Beacon

Peas;ml:

vVomcn in

" lVliddle

London: Frank

111

Guide de

/800-1950.

and Bahnasa. 111e n.d. 190

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

BIBJ,lOGHAI'HY

TRADITIONAL

CHRISTIANITY

and

M

1Il

"

OIl the New

Issues in

332 B.C. A.D.

'-"'''''u~.". Londou: British

19R6. j\1oderI11zatioll. London: Frank

the Alexandrian Schism

Athanasios: 1 'he

of

in Late

Leben und Lehre del' Fl'iihell

- - - - - - -. "The Political Lands. Vol. 2 of of a Plural ,,,,,co,p,',,

Pcriod.

York: Holmes and

LXVI

;md thc .tithanasian British lV!USClllYl. London: British

Robert B. Christi;ms 111 the

East. London: at the Council of

2 vols. London:

P. B. T.

VU

1991. \lVilson B. "The

145-150.

Politics. London:

"Blessed Be

193

192

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CI IRISTIANITY

BmlJOGRAPHY

d'i\ntioche en

Life in

Documcnts 011

1.

D,UIl

tile

ibn Abel al-Mur.

and trans. Moshe Perlmann.

Univ.

du XVlemc all His(oirc

- - - - - - -, trans. Thc

" AJiddlc

VV. K. Lowther. T111c Lausiac

1918.

au

of HistOlre de la

Henri.

A. S. vVorrell.

Francisco:

194

195

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CfRADITIONAI, EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arab

/ili.

D. O. R. "Revivisceuce du

388.

19GO.

1.

The Lesser Eastern

Paris: Presses

Pierre. 1£8

1991

all sixieme

LOUIS E. de

1991. Leader in the Fourlh

1Il

of il'adi Natmn.

in the Late Roman L'""":,,, "

The

New

"Un Prelat refonnateur, Ie 17

1984.

The Rise -. The Rise of t1le iii""""'"

Fortress

Education

and the Church:

the lH'CJHI,}PllV

and NIoTa] dill! HI:;,' 1I1

F. Rot~lil.

IV/onasticism. Leiden: E. J.

196

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY BIBIJOGRAPflY

Literalur. Vol. 2.

"

A. Nissiotis. Does

in Wisdom. Ed. and trans.

R.

1975.

to

des

" DicliollIlaire de spir-

of Florcncc.

1959.

Fortune: The

a Nation

Estates

tional

198

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THADrIIONAL EGYPTIAN CHHISTIANn'Y

BmLIOGHAl'HY

711e Middle East in the Middle

,arl)OlltlaIe, Ill.: >JVIJU",'A

New

Harvard

Personal Interview. 7 Decem-

and M'U1ichaeism. Le

London: Frank

or the Patriarchs

Documentation of

Iiir Anlike Ilnd

American Univ. 1Il

196ft

-.

and tile Fertile

196G.

13-1 Revile £Ie

Christian Creeds. 3rd ed. New York:

m Alexandria.

201

200

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies CHRISTIANITY

BIBLIOGRAPI-IY

de

de

de

Pacl16me

prenl1ers successeurs.

de

La

Kirche." Bl1lletin de 1a

and

Bernard. The l\rahs in

-.

H"-"""-",,, under the Mamluks.

1958.

London: Ernest Donations and

East

409-415.

Mere

10

-. "The

Hule: The Fate 61-70.

Bulletin

of the

2

202

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

Human Corn-

d'histoire

1965.

Univ. in

The

1970.

199L

"Darnru."

LlU/JC(lj'<1.

Rev. cd.

Amencan

"Recent

in der l'\.l)Ull:>U

Institute

van Nouveaux courants dans la communaute 245-257.

New York:

Visit to the

and Allison.

A

-.

1978.

,·",,,,,nlr Life

in the

London:

S. A. 'rhe

"

in Roman

1<'1l(:vcl;'me<11

H.

179-199.

IVHJI.""'-'.

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

CHRISTIANITY

eds. The Roots

TYle Education of

Musa. Trans.

1961. -. "Intellectual

"

EasterIl

Sudan. ,198,').

Militant" In Studies ill

Ed. M.

111 Honour of Professor David

Musa. Middle

Pnnceton:

in tile Late Middle

NOll-o/licial ECLlmenical

and the Roman ,-~aUH_'" 1972.

"rl'he Doctrinal Position 17

resIstance au christianisme

51

VIle ,"~'-',",>J G:i-78.

lU,IL

Toward a ]\1odern

d'Alex

Martin. chrctienne. Alexandrma: Cld_ll",~" ofIerls au P. Claude A{ol1desert. Paris:

Three Nales.

and Belief in

1979. Rev. of

2nd 18a-

A. '1L"~,)I!1'

1990.

206

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

THADITIONAL EGYPTIAJ'< CHHISTIANITY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- - - - -. "Fakhr

1991.

-.

Proche-

vu',"u;u"."

Islam. London:

and

J

London: G.

the

tic

-. fl

and

1860-1914."

Eastem

under British

1882-1914."

Assassin: Bulros

Wardani." Middle

musulmane. Trans. J

PIwmcial and

and

"1\bd

1991.

-. "Abu al-Fath

1991.

Ishak

cnCTC1()fJeC11a, 1991.

- - -, ed. Actes {iennes. Rome: Pontifical is

Ed. J R.

Sesostris. Des PatnaIcats: Les Patriarches dans 'PIT1n1l'"p

ottOInan

Paris: Arthur nvu""c;au,

el "'J'~U~~'H"'-'HL en

209

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

el'RADITIOl\'AI,

BIBLIOGRAPIIY

monde moderne."

Relation

211-265.

Trans. Elizabeth Anna UUpUJl

Dawes and Norman

the

"wu

1948.

71 (1

734-747.

off11exandna ;md a Secrt~l I97{l.

122.

Christian Church

in tile Third-cel1-

'The Bible and 198.3.

IAcnn.t",

Center

XVI

Univ.

S. 11;1a1'c que nom meme en 1672 et

ULUFi'U~, Horatio. In The

and Fusion: J]u;

1977.

3rd ed. Baltimore:

The

Armaud. PacilOmian K01I1onia. .3

Mich.:

'-'HJ,,"U,,,,,,

UDflea[10nS, 1980-1982.

S. M. Fatmlld Decrees: Faber and Faber, 1964.

Documents

Rudolf. Die Jl>".'lJU,><

J(irche in del' !Veuzeit.

chez Jes coptes

B. Mohr, 19.32.

Airi. "Ethnic Consciousness and its Transfi:mnation in the The Muslim ami 1Il 190G-1919. 102-1

Tim. Saint Peter of Alexandria: He,,,,,,,, and 1988. ed. 1972.

and ti1C

he/Clfln•.,

M. C.-F. Tnwels

in the Years 1

J and J

3

and 1785. London:

210

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Edward. "The

Middle East

In

208.

The l\1odem

York:

- -. Les Manu8CJits

Inventaire.

among tile Poor III 1960.

Rowan. Adm: HE""",<:vand

and

du 4emeau

212

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

I, Abbas II, khedive 146, 148 107

African churches

Agatho, Against CclsU5 tile Akhenaton - xii al-Afdal 80-83 147

- 27

Abdallah, ,unir 57-58 56-57 Abdullah ihn Sa'd

known

Abu ai-Barakat Yuhanna ibn Abu aI-Fad! loa ibn al-Fakhr al-Ma'iihi - 96 Abu al-Fath ibn Sahlan ibn ai-Rashid ibn Abu al-Mufaddal

Hibat Allar ibn aI-'AssaI -

al-Azhar mosque - 75-76 al-Ghawri - 108-109 aI-Hakim - m-Kirazil- ai-Malik al-Kamil - al-Makrizi

121,

87

68, 76-77

Makrizi)

- 60 al-Moi:t2 74-75

monastery 100, 73

al-Mustansir 79-81, 82 al-1Mutawakkil, 64. al-Nazir - a!-Qash;uuJi - 99 ai-Sail ibn - R7 a1- l1 f alalli 167 al':.lahir - 77 23-1 - 108

215

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

TRADITIONAL EGYPTIAl\ CHRISTIANITY

INDEX

26-27

Alexander I, Alexander II,

Bashmurite revoir 61 Ancyra - 28 Basil the Great - 21

ealendar - Calil()rnia - 178

57-58 Alexander the Great xi-xiii, 51 Alexandria

ix, 17,'1, 178

arabization -

Gmons - 78, 80, 87 4<6

17

Alexandrian Alexandrian

A.ramaic 6 archons 75, areef- 125 7,

- 5,8

121

of - a5, 170

,HCUI)]"lt)l)

85, I 1

Bey - 1

Bauer, vValther-

General 149

- 94-95,99 149

Alwah - Amalric - 83 Ambrosius

Arian controversy - 27, Arianism - 25-27 Arians - 26-27 80

Beni Suer 87, n~:lII

John ('::ltprllptl"'''I school in Alexandria 18 CatllOlic Church 96, 12, I 170 Catholic H)U);1 ");"'Ul"" Catholic Catholics - 170-171 (and see Rom;m Catholics) ~C"~J"'''~, Roman pope - 17

20

Bethlehem - 1 beys 109, 1 1, Bible - 5,

142,

- 123-124, 126, 133, 146,

army,

21-22, 26,

169

80,87, 125, 152, 166,

Melchite

Bible

166

Ashmul1ein - Asia - 22,95 Asia Minor 2, 5 Askalon 81

17a

Chadwick, 4 Chalcedonian CI1l1stians 44" Melehites} ciJeirotonia Chosroes chrism - 100, III Clllistodolllos,

(and

anti-Chalcedonians anti-illtellectualism,

2-3, 10,26,33,85,39-42,47,

i\lllioch

Book ofHislOIies - 96 Book of]ames 4, Britain -

Aswan - 57,

- 77-80

- 77, 129-130, 145, 152

n"tn~r('h of 171 34

126, 130,

145, 148-

48,

57,

Ath,ma'lius I the Great-

19,

149, 153-154, 157 the British - 122, 129, 134, 140,

73,

187 n"tTl~ITh - 97

147-149,

Chronicle of Eusebius- Chronicoll Church

ofJerusalem - 113

British British invasion 119

Attila the Hun - Australia - ix, 173, 178 Austria - 128, 138 Awad, Louis 154" 177 awlad al-'Assal 87

- xiv, 19, 130,

British

126, 128

Church

143-B4, 146-147

British mle -

Circassian J\1,ul1luks - 121 Circassians 93, 108-109, 119, 146 Citadel - 134 civilization 32 ~C'''' emperor 9 Clement of Alexandria 2, 186 Rome Roman pope - 112 C1ement, Second of- C1ementine HOllll]ies XI 46

114,

Axis Powers 153

Arabs xiv,

Bulus al-Habis - 96 H;8

- 83-86, 88, 93-94

126, 148, 187 Arab conquest- 187

74.,147,185-

{and see El1a1:oll}

52-56,61,

(Old Cairo)- 53,59, 74., 80

Butler, 52-53 Butros Butros Ghali 179 Butros Ghali Pasha H7-148, 152 Butrus Sawirus aHamil 88

Badr a1:Tamali 79-81

Arab countries - 168, 171 Arab culture - 96, 146-1/t7 Arab

60,62-64,74,

181-132,

Bahri 100, 101 bakt- 95 Baldwin,

ofJerusalem- Conference - 157 Baramus monastery 132,164,173 Lord}

- xiv, 41-42, 44-48, 52-53,

A.rab science - 96 Arab - 166 Arab Socialist 165 Arab Socialist Union 166

62-68, 68, 76,

Ih,e1- 125

107, 126-128,

71,

Cairo-Alexandria

Constantius, emperor - 73

216

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies

!t\DEX

CHRISTIANITY

TR!\DITIONAL

cUI.lleni!:al Patriarch - 169 "rnnwnmm - IG9-171 ecumenical movement 4·3 Edict of Milan 25 12/t, I - 76

French French influence 122-124, 129, 144 French invasion !la, j 1

19-122, la4

french Revolution - 120 - I

Damanhur Damanhuri, Damasclls Damian

Fuad, fundamentalist literature "Fmtherance of Fustat 67

Damietta Damnl-

76, of Mary 179 Debt Commission l:i3 Derius. emperor Deir Metras Delta 61 Demetrius I, "",.......,,'" - 2, IH-19. 21-22 Demetrius II, n~tn"n'h demotic - xi fathers

- la2

- 82-S:~

noh';~n·h - 102

to the aa

Galatia11S,

collectors 176,

100,

Gaul 4 Gawhari,

122

121-122

Gawhari, Ibrahim -

95

diet 62 Dinshawai Incident - 144.-145 Diocletian - 20, 73

Gentiles -

56-57

47

(and

GenmUlic barbarians Girga 152 Gizeh -

126,

169

18,:12

Greeks

Discollrse 10 - 62 - 121

ExiJortatioI1 /0 1VIarlyrdom 20 Exodus 1 Ezbekiah Fakhr al-Dawlah - Fanous,

Dowling. ,\1'"11('"'' Druze 77 Dual Control- l:i:i Dulles,

57, 81,

Goths

Foster 157 celebrations 172 Christians 170, lH7

149, 151

Council of Creed,J. Cromer, Lord (Evelyn Crusaders - 81-85, Crusades - 81, - 101 - 58 Cyrenaica 1H 3

Great Insurrection III Great NomoCiulOIl 87 "Great Powers" I

- 62, 88, 1

Fatimids Fatimid Felix, Roman pope - 41 fellahin - 1 Feltile Crescent - 52, finn;Ul 109

ilO,.IOO,110

147

170

IX~

Greece Greeks

5,

14

114, 12a-124,

ill ,

education 19

la, 22,

44-47,

Ecthesis - ecumenical

War- lOil

- 25

I'

219

218

Library of St. Shenouda Center for Coptic Studies EGYPTIAN CHRISTIANITY

Kleber 121-122 "UC;C1U,g - 11 0 Koran (see Quran) k[lllab 125, 127 land reform 155

102, II 12, 126

''''h'';~r,~h - 128, 171

Jesus Christ 1,

14,16,18-19,21,26,28, ila-

4a,48,S7,

71,

177

I;me, E. \V. -

25

Incarnation (see IncamalioJl of the lVord of God - India -

47

Harun al-Hashid

148-149

9, 17

Lent - 62 Leo, emperor 40, Leo I, Rom,m pope - Tome Lewis, Bernard

Hebrews,

Priests

Hi,51

170

the Liberal

- 139, 148, 153-155

Hellenistic Civilization

13,

Party, British - 145 156-157 in Alex,mdria 14. 18,26

XllJ-XIV,

51, 185 Helw,Ul 97 Helwan School for

Liberation

19,27-29

Life ofShcnollte-

Herad;L~, """.",",,1> Heracleon, Heraclius, emperor - Herod the Great - I, IX

Islamic

110,127,178

185

52, 73

Longinus 45 Lower Lutli o<_,'"",,w

Xli Jowett, William - 125-126

Macarius the Great - 28, ao Macarius I, 68

Islamicists - 175

Judah - I Judaism -

6-7, 96, 150

42-43, 4S, 101-102, la9

Mac;u1us II, Mac,uius III,

Julian, of Nubia Juli,Ul, Homan emperor Julian of Halic;mlassus -

Ismaili Israel, ancient Israel, State of - Istanbul 108, 109 95 Jabart - 102 Jacob Baradaeus 4a Jacobite 126 Jacobite, 4a, la3, 1(i4

Macedonians - xi, xii, 5 madaris al-ahad 151 84

156-157, l(i5-169

homoio[l5ios - homoo[lsios 26, 28 Honorius, Roman pope - Hours

156, 165

- 178

Makouria - Makrizi 29,61,

Ali - 134

House of

I-louse of Othman - 108

93-98, 100-102,

the Lord"

ibn al-'Amid al-Makir - Kallar 9(;

- 165 Khair Bey 108 khatiiJs 149

Jeremias, Jerome - 19, Jersey

99, 102 sultanate - 102, 108-109

- 178

Jerusalem - xii, 1,

6, 9, lil, 62,

Mamluk system -

108,

220

221

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