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M. Swash (Eds.), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (pp. 179– 186). London: Informa Health Care. Rödel, R. M. W., Laskawi, R., & Markus, H. (2003). Tongue representation in the lateral cortical motor region of the human brain as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Annals of Otolaryngology, Rhinology and Laryngology , 112 (1), 71–76. Rödel, R.M., Tergau, F., Markus, H., & Laskawi, R. (2004). Bilateral changes in cortical motor representation of the tongue after unilateral peripheral facial paralysis: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Annals of Otolaryngology, Rhinology and Laryngology , 113 (12), 951–955. Sommer, M., Wischer, S., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003). Normal intracortical excitability in development stuttering. Movement Disorders , 18 (7), 826–830. Svensson, P., Romaniello, A., Arendt-Neilson, L., & Sessle, B.J. (2003). Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training. Experimental Brain Research , 152 , 42–51. Urban, P. P., Hopf, H. C., Fleischer, S., Zorowka, P. G., & Müller-Forell, W. (1997). Impaired cortico-bulbar tract function in dysarthria due to hemispheric stroke. Functional testing using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain , 120 , 1077–1084. Wassermann, E. M. (1998). Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5–7, 1996. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology , 108 , 1–16. Dr Justine Goozée’s research has focused on the physiological assessment and treatment of articulatory dysfunction in motor speech disorders. This research has recently been expanded to include the neurophysiological approach, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which she conducts in collaboration with the School of Human Movement Studies at The University of Queensland, following training at Harvard Medical School.

Ingham, R. J., Fox, P. T., Ingham, J. C., Collins, J., & Pridgen, S. (2000). TMS in developmental stuttering and Tourette’s syndrome. In M. S. George and R. H. Bellmaker (Eds.), Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuropsychiatry (pp. 223–236). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press. Katayama, T., Aizawa, H., Kuroda, K., Suzuki, Y., Kikuchi, K., Kimuru, T., Hashimoto, K., & Yahara, O. (2001). Cortical silent period in the tongue induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of the Neurological Sciences , 193 , 37–41. Kobayashi, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neurology. The Lancet Neurology , 2 , 145–156. Martin, P. I., Naeser, M.S., Theoret, H., Nicholas, M., Kurland, J., Fregni, F., Seekins, H., Doron, K., & Pascual- Leone, A. (2004). Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a complementary treatment for aphasia. Semininars in Speech and Language , 25 , 181–191. Muellbacher, W., Artner, C., & Mamoli, B. (1999). The role of the intact hemisphere in recovery of midline muscles after recent monohemispheric stroke. Journal of Neurology , 246 , 250–256. Muellbacher, W., Boroojerdi, B., Ziemann, U., & Hallett, M. (2001). Analogous corticocortical inhibition and facilitation in ipsilateral and contralateral human motor cortex representations of the tongue. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology , 18 (6), 550–558. Muellbacher, W., Mathis, J., & Hess, C. W. (1994). Electrophysiological assessment of central and peripheral motor routes to the lingual muscles. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 57 , 309–315. Pascual-Leone, A., Grafman, J., Cohen, L. G., Roth, B. J., & Hallett, M. (1997). Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A new tool for the study of higher cognitive functions in humans. In F. Boller and J. Grafman (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology , vol. 11 (pp. 267–289). USA: Elsevier Science. Pascual-Leone, A., Rubio, B., Pallardo, F., & Catalá, M. D. (1996). Beneficial effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug- resistant depression. Lancet , 348 , 233–237. Pascual-Leone, A., Tormos, J. M., Keenan, J., Tarazona, F., Cañete, C., & Catalá, M. D. (1998). Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology , 15 (4), 333–343. Pouget, J., Trefouret, S., & Attarian, S. (2000). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In R. H. Brown, V. Meininger, &

Correspondence to: Professor Bruce Murdoch School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 4072 email: b.murdoch@uq.edu.au Electronic copies of ACQ Speech Pathology Australia members are able to access past and present issues of ACQ via the Speech Pathology Australia website. www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au Hard copies are available to everyone (members and non members) at a cost by emailing pubs@speechpathologyaustralia.org.au.

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ACQ uiring knowledge in speech, language and hearing