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review and meta-analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 56 (3), 921–932. doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0036) O’Brian, S., Jones, M., Packman, A., Menzies, R., & Onslow, M. (2011). Stuttering severity and educational attainment. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 36 , 86-92. Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide . Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Reed, P., & Wu, Y. (2013). Logistic regression in stuttering research. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 38 , 88–101. Reilly, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Cini, E., Conway, L., Ukoumunne, O., . . . Wake, M. (2013). Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: A prospective community- based study. Pediatrics , 132 , 460–467. doi: 10.1542/ peds.2012-3067 Spencer, C., & Weber-Fox, C. (2014). Preschool speech articulation and nonword repetition abilities may help predict eventual recovery or persistence of stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 41 , 32–46. Subramanian, Anu, Yairi, Ehud, & Amir, Ofer. (2003). Second formant transitions in fluent speech of persistent and recovered preschool children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders , 36 (1), 59–75. Watkins, R., & Yairi, E. (1997). Language production abilities of children whose stuttering persisted or recovered. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 40 , 385–399. Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2013). Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 38 , 66–87. Yairi, E., Ambrose, N., Paden, E., P., & Throneburg, R. (1996). Predictive factors of persistence and recovery: Pathways of childhood stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders , 29 (1), 51–77. Yaruss, J. S. (2010). Assessing quality of life in stuttering treatment outcomes research. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 35 , 190–202. Dr Charn Nang is a speech pathology lecturer and researcher at Edith Cowan University, Western Australia. Associate Professor Natalie Ciccone is the associate dean of Allied Health in the School of Medical and Health Sciences at Edith Cowan University.

across the health professions (2nd ed.). Sydney, Australia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Howell, P., & Davis, S. (2011). Predicting persistence of and recovery from stuttering by the teenage years based on information gathered at age eight. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 32 , 196–205. Huinck, W., Langevin, M., Kully, D., Graamans, K., Peters, H., F., M., & Hulstijn, W. (2006). The relationship between pre-treatment clinical profile and treatment outcome in an integrated stuttering program. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 31 , 43–63. Iverach, L., Jones, M., O’Brian, S., Block, S., Lincoln, M., Harrison, E., . . . Onslow, M. . (2009). The relationship between mental health disorders and treatment outcomes among adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 34 , 29–43. Iverach, L., O’Brian, S., Jones, M., Block, S., Lincoln, M., Harrison, E., . . . Onslow, M. (2010). The Five Factor Model of personality applied to adults who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders , 43 , 120–132. Jones, M., Onslow, M., Harrison, E., & Packman, A. (2000). Treating stuttering in young children: Predicting treatment time in the Lidcombe Program. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 43 , 1440–1450. Jones, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., O’Brian, S., Hearne, A., Williams, S., & Schwarz, I. (2008). Extended follow-up of randomized control trial of the Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders , 43 , 649–661. Kingston, M., Huber, A., Onslow, M., Jones, M., & Packman, A. (2003). Predicting treatment time with the Lidcombe Program: Replication and meta-analysis. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders , 38 , 165–177. Kloth, S. A. M., Kraaimaat, F. W., Janssen, P., & Brutten, G. (1999). Persistence and remission of incipient stuttering among high-risk children. Journal of Fluency Disorders , 24 , 253–265. Koushik, S., Hewat, S., Shenker, R., Jones, M., & Onslow, M. (2011). North-American Lidcombe Program file audit: Replication and meta-anlysis. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , 13 , 301–307. Ladouceur, R., Caron, C., & Caron, G. (1989). Stuttering severity and treatment outcome. Journal of Behavioral Therapy and Experimental Psychiatrist , 20 (1), 49–56. Moons, K., Royston, P., Vergouwe, Y., Grobbee, D., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Prognosis and prognostic research: What, why, and how? British Medical Journal , 338: b375 (1317-1320) Nye, C., Vanryckeghem, M., Schwartz, J. B., Herder, C., Turner, III, H. M., & Howard, C. (2013). Behavioral stuttering interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic

Correspondence to: Dr Charn Nang Speech Pathology School of Psychology and Social Science Edith Cowan University 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027 phone: (08) 6304 5168 email: c.nang@ecu.edu.au

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JCPSLP Volume 18, Number 2 2016

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