2017 Sec 1 Green Book

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery • Volume 25, Number 5, September 2014

8. Thaller SR, Mabourakh S. Pediatric mandibular fractures. Ann Plast Surg 1991;26:511 – 513 9. Eggensperger Wymann NM, Holzle A, Zachariou Z, et al. Pediatric craniofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;66:58 – 64 10. Grisoni ER, Pillai SB, Volsko TA, et al. Pediatric airbag injuries: the Ohio experience. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:160 – 162 11. Holland AJ, Broome C, Steinberg A, et al. Facial fractures in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2001;17:157 – 160 12. Kim SH, Lee SH, Cho PD. Analysis of 809 facial bone fractures in a pediatric and adolescent population. Arch Plast Surg 2012;39:606 – 611 13. MacIsaac ZM, Berhane H, Cray JJr, et al. Nonfatal sport-related craniofacial fractures: characteristics, mechanisms, and demographic data in the pediatric population. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131:1339 – 1347 14. Mericli AF, DeCesare GE, Zuckerbraun NS, et al. Pediatric craniofacial fractures due to violence: comparing violent and nonviolent mechanisms of injury. J Craniofac Surg 2011;22:1342 – 1347 15. Lee KF, Wagner LK, Lee YE, et al. The impact-absorbing effects of facial fractures in closed-head injuries. An analysis of 210 patients. J Neurosurg 1987;66:542 – 547 16. Keenan HT, Brundage SI, Thompson DC, et al. Does the face protect the brain? A case – control study of traumatic brain injury and facial fractures. Arch Surg 1999;134:14 – 17 17. Munante-Cardenas JL, Olate S, Asprino L, et al. Pattern and treatment of facial trauma in pediatric and adolescent patients. J Craniofac Surg 2011;22:1251 – 1255 18. Singh G, Mohammad S, Pal US, et al. Pediatric facial injuries: it ’ s management. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2011;2:156 – 162 19. Qing-Bin Z, Zhao-Qiang Z, Dan C, et al. Epidemiology of maxillofacial injury in children under 15 years of age in southern China. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013;115:436 – 441

for intracranial injuries and cervical spine fractures. A lower GCS on presentation portends a higher association with cervical spine in- jury and intracranial hemorrhage. The failure to identify these asso- ciated and serious injuries could have disastrous consequences, and every practitioner involved in treating facial fractures must be aware of this risk. REFERENCES 1. Vyas RM, Dickinson BP, Wasson KL, et al. Pediatric facial fractures: current national incidence, distribution, and health care resource use. J Craniofac Surg 2008;19:339 – 349 2. Ferreira PC, Amarante JM, Silva PN, et al. Retrospective study of 1251 maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescents. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;115:1500 – 1508 3. Afrooz PN, Grunwaldt LJ, Zanoun RR, et al. Pediatric facial fractures: occurrence of concussion and relation to fracture patterns. J Craniofac Surg 2012;23:1270 – 1273 4. Grunwaldt L, Smith DM, Zuckerbraun NS, et al. Pediatric facial fractures: demographics, injury patterns, and associated injuries in 772 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;128:1263 – 1271 5. Imahara SD, Hopper RA, Wang J, et al. Patterns and outcomes of pediatric facial fractures in the United States: a survey of the National Trauma Data Bank. J Am Coll Surg 2008;207:710 – 716 6. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, et al. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:399 – 407 7. Thoren H, Schaller B, Suominen AL, et al. Occurrence and severity of concomitant injuries in other areas than the face in children with mandibular and midfacial fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg . 2012;70:92 – 96

© 2014 Mutaz B. Habal, MD

40