Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Study Guide

Lyme Disease Lyme disease is an infectious inflammatory joint disease caused by the bacteria belonging to the species of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia mayonii . It is transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick. The bacteria enter the skin and then the bloodstream. Infection can be prevented by removing the tick from the skin as soon as possible. Signs and symptoms of Lyme disease vary in stages. Soon after the tick bite, a red bump may appear over the skin. Within one month of the bite, a red rash that expands and is clear in the middle, known as Erythema migrans, may form. This can be expanded up to 12 inches. The person develops flu-like symptoms including fever, chills, aches in body, headache, and fatigue. The later symptoms of this disease include the formation of erythema migrans in other parts of the body, severe pains in joints, inflammation in brain membranes, temporary paralysis of one side of the face, numb and weak limbs, and impaired muscle movement. 6.9 Bone Disorders Bone diseases are disorders of the bone characterized by abnormal and impaired bone development. The consequences of bone diseases are weakness, inflammation in joints, and pain. It causes excessive loss of strength and density of the bone. Some common bone diseases are listed below. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis is an infectious disease of the bone wherein the infectious agents travel to the bone from the nearby infectious tissue through the bloodstream. It is also possible that infections develop directly in bones when bones are exposed to germs. The most common cause of osteomyelitis is staphylococcus bacteria, which can enter the bone through the bloodstream from the site of infection. Some examples of osteomyelitis causing events are pneumonia, urinary tract infection, infected tissue or infected prosthetic joint, open wounds, or direct contamination in cases of joint replacements and fracture repair. Symptoms of osteomyelitis include fever, chills, pain in the site of infection, swelling, warmth, and redness at the infection site. Paget’s Disease Paget's disease is characterized by an interference with the normal recycling process of the body such that new bone tissues are not able to replace old bone tissues efficiently. The consequence of Paget’s disease is bone fragility and misshaping. It commonly occurs in the pelvis, skull, leg, and spine bones. It is characterized by a faster than normal formation of bones. The exact cause of Paget's disease is not known but it is known to occur by the combination of environmental factors and genetic disorders. Signs and symptoms of this disease include bone pain, deformity of bones, fractures, osteoarthritis, heart failure, and bone cancer. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a bone disorder in which the bones become weak and brittle. Falls and stress over

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