Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology Study Guide

©2018 of 131 Hypovolemic Shock Also known as hemorrhagic shock, hypovolemic is a fatal condition in which more than twenty percent of the supply of blood is lost. This severe loss of fluid makes the heart incapable of pumping enough blood to meet the needs of the body. If not treated immediately, hypovolemic shock becomes life-threatening. The cause of this disease includes excessive bleeding fromwounds or cuts, blood loss from blunt traumatic injuries in accidents and seizure cases, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, internal bleeding from the digestive tract, excessive or prolonged diarrhea, severe burns, excessive sweating, and protracted and excessive vomit. Symptoms of hypovolemic shock include anxiety, bluish color of the nails and lips, no urine output, profuse sweating, shallow breathing, dizziness, confusion, chest pain, unconsciousness, low blood pressure, weak pulse, and tachycardia. Septic Septic shock is a fatal condition in which infection causes the blood pressure to drop to very low levels. The reaction can be caused by bacteria, fungus, or virus, and is termed as sepsis. Symptoms of sepsis include weakness, chills, and tachycardia. If sepsis is not treated immediately, it leads to damaging of the small blood vessels, resulting in fluid leaking to surrounding tissues. This entire process impacts the ability of the heart to pump enough blood to different organs of the body, which causes the blood pressure to drop significantly. Vital signs of septic shock include hypotension causing dizziness, confused state of mind, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and paleness in the skin. 3.11 Infection Heart disorders can also occur due to infections caused by microorganisms, like bacteria or fungi. Some of the uncommon, yet fatal, cardiac infections are studied below. Rheumatic Heart Disease Rheumatic heart disease is the damaging of the heart due to the occurrence of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is the infection caused by bacteria belonging to the group A streptococcus , like strep throat or scarlet fever. It usually happens if the fever is not cured properly with the help of antibiotics. This fever has the ability to cause damage to the heart, joints, brain, and skin. In this case, rheumatic fever leads to long term damage to the mitral or aortic valve, or both. The valves of the heart may become narrow or leak impacting the orifice of the heart. Symptoms of the rheumatic heart disease do not show up before ten to twenty years. Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is the infection of endocardium caused by bacteria belonging to the streptococci species or fungi. In this case, the bacteria enter the blood and settle in the lining of the heart, heart valve, or blood vessel. Signs of this infection are fever, heart murmurs, petechiae, embolism, endocardial vegetation, and anemia. The consequences of infective endocarditis are incompetence or obstruction in heart valves, myocardial abscess, or mycotic aneurysm. Achieve Page 63

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