SOIL PREPARATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.4.3 Stone drains ............................................................................................. 92 6.4.4 Bore holes ................................................................................................ 93 6.4.5 Pipe drains ............................................................................................... 94 6.4.5.1 Drainage materials . ................................................................................ 94 6.4.5.2 Installation ............................................................................................... 97 6.4.5.3 Drain spacing ........................................................................................... 99 6.4.5.4 Pipe sizes and slopes ............................................................................ 100 6.4.5.5 Computer simulation models .............................................................. 100 6.4.5.6 Maintenance .......................................................................................... 101 6.5 Reclamation of saline soil .................................................................... 104 6.5.1 Characterisation of brack soils ............................................................ 104 6.5.1.1 Total soluble salts ................................................................................. 104 6.5.1.2 Sodium hazard ...................................................................................... 105 6.5.2 Reclamation measures ......................................................................... 106 7. CHOICE OF IMPLEMENT FOR SOIL PREPARATION . .......... 110 7.1 Conditions for effective implement action ........................................ 123 7.1.1 Soil water content ................................................................................. 123 7.1.2 Single versus double tillage ................................................................. 124 7.1.3 Direction of tillage ................................................................................. 125 7.1.4 Cutting width ......................................................................................... 125 7.2 Matching soil preparation with soil type ............................................ 127 7.2.1 Sandy soils ............................................................................................. 127 7.2.2 Stratified soils ........................................................................................ 127 7.2.3 Apedal and neocutanic red and yellow soils ..................................... 127 7.2.4 Duplex soils ............................................................................................ 128 7.2.5 Wet and dark-coloured soils ................................................................ 130 7.2.6 Shallow soils on rock ............................................................................ 131 8. APPLICATION OF AMELIORANTS DURING SOIL PREPARATION ......................................................................... 134 8.1 Lime ........................................................................................................ 134 8.2 Organic material . .................................................................................. 138 8.3 Phosphorous ......................................................................................... 139 8.4 Gypsum .................................................................................................. 139 9. RE-COMPACTION ............................................................................ 142

10.

ABOVEGROUND GRAPEVINE RESPONSE ............................... 150

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................. 158 ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS ...................................... 168

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