Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology, 4e

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Cell and Tissue Function

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Doherty GJ, McMahon HT. Mechanisms and endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem. 2009;78:857–902. Dominguez R, Holmes KC. Actin structure and function. Annu Rev Biophys. 2011;40:169–186. Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Faust PL, et al. Bile acids: the role of peroxisomes. J Lipid Res. 2009;50:2139–2147. Finley D. Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates by the proteosome. Annu Rev Biochem. 2009;78:477–513. MacAskill AF, Kittler JT. Control of mitochondrial transport and localization in neurons. Trends Cell Biol. 2009;20: 102–112. Mizuno Y, Isotani E, Huang J, et al. Myosin light chain kinase and calcium sensitization in smooth muscle in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2008;295:C358–C336. Parton RG, del Pozo MA. Caveolae as plasma membrane sensors, protectors and organizers. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013;14:98–112. Ross MH, Pawlina W. Histology: Text and Atlas . 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. Rudrabhatia P, Jaffe H, Pant HC. Direct evidence of phosphorylated neuronal intermediate filament proteins in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs): phosphoproteomics of Alzheimer’s NFTs. FASEB J. 2011;25:3896–3905. Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:7–35. Strambio-De-Castillia C, Niepel M, Rout MP. The nuclear pore complex: bridging nuclear transport and gene regulation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010;11:490–501. Su X, Ohi R, Pellman D. Move in for the kill: motile microtubule regulators. Trends Cell Biol. 2012;22:567–575. Tirone F, Fariola-Vecchioli S, Micheli L, et al. Genetic control of adult neurogenesis: interplay of differentiation, proliferation and survival modulates new neurons function, and memory circuits. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:59. Toivola DM, Strnad P, Habtezion A, et al. Intermediate filaments take the heat. Trends Cell Biol. 2010;20:79–91. Verkman AS. Aquaporins in clinical medicine. Annu Rev Med. 2012;63:303–316. Voshol PJ, Rensen PC, van Dijk KW, et al. Effect of plasma triglyceride metabolism on lipid storage in adipose tissue: studies using genetically engineered mouse models. Biochimica Biophys Acta. 2009;1791:479–485. Walde S, Kehlenbach RH. The part and the whole: functions of nucleoporins in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Trends Cell Biol. 2010;20:461–469. Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Biochemistry of peroxisomes revisited. Annu Rev Biochem. 2006;75:295–332.

R E V I EW E X E R C I S E S 1. Persons who drink sufficient amounts of alcohol display rapid changes in central nervous system function, including both motor and behavioral changes, and the odor of alcohol can be detected on their breath. A. Use the concepts related to the lipid bilayer structure of the cell membrane to explain these observations. 2. Tattoos consist of pigments that have been injected into the skin. A. Explain what happens to the dye once it has been injected and why it does not eventually wash away. 3. Insulin is synthesized in the beta cells of the pancreas as a prohormone and then secreted as an active hormone. A. Using your knowledge of the function of DNA, the RNAs, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi complex, propose a pathway for the synthesis of insulin. 4. Mitochondrial disorders, whether due to mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes, often produce muscle weakness, sometimes with severe involvement of the muscles that move the eyes, other neurologic symptoms, lactic acidosis, and cardiomyopathy. A. Mitochondrial disorders that are responsible for these manifestations are often classified as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. Propose an explanation for the propensity to develop encephalopathies and myopathies with mitochondrial disorders rather than disorders of other body systems such as the kidney or digestive tract. B. Relate the function of the mitochondria in terms of oxidative metabolism to the development of lactic acidosis. 5. The absorption of glucose from the intestine involves a cotransport mechanism in which the active primary transport of sodium is used to provide for the secondary transport of glucose. A. Hypothesize how this information might be used to design an oral rehydration solution for someone who is suffering from diarrhea.

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B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 5th ed. New York and London: Garland Publishing; 2008. Alexeyev M, Shokolenko I, Wilson G, et al. The maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity-critical analysis and update. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5:a012641.